Effect of Machine Hammer Peening Conditions on β Grain Refinement of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Deposition Procedure
2.2. Machine Hammer Peening Procedure
2.2.1. Experimental Setup and Parameters
2.2.2. Characterization of Material Response to Machine Hammer Peening
2.3. Material Characterisation and Testing
2.3.1. Evaluation of Macrostructure and Shape Alteration
2.3.2. Use of Electron Backscatter Diffraction for Grain Size and Plastic Strain Measurement
2.3.3. Tensile Testing
3. Results
3.1. Microstructure
3.1.1. Varying Tool Radius
3.1.2. Varying Step Distance
3.1.3. Varying Tool Energy
3.2. Tensile Properties
4. Discussion
4.1. Contribution of Energy per Unit Length
4.2. Dynamic Deformation of MHP
4.3. Mechanical Properties and Prior-β Grain Refinement
5. Conclusions
- For all MHP conditions tested, grain refinement was achieved;
- For different energy tools, the depth of strain is different but very similar average grain size was obtained for the same energy per unit length. This demonstrates that the strain does sufficiently explain the level of grain refinement, which contradicts previous studies;
- A newly suggested parameter, energy per unit length (EPL), is proposed and allows combining step distance and tool energy. Higher EPL leads to smaller grain diameter;
- The level of grain refinement was found to depend on the applied energy per length irrespective of the energy of individual impacts;
- An explanation was proposed for the dynamic deformation in the MHP process. The contact between the wall surface and the tool insert lead to different profiles of strain wave that are obtained at different strain rates;
- An improvement of strength was achieved with inter-pass MHP, and the material became more isotropic with the increase in energy per unit length. The increase in the tensile properties could not be attributed to the α lamellae size difference, and it was proposed that texture weakening and randomization of the α lamellae spatial orientation with regards to the loading direction could be responsible.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ti | Al | V | Fe | O | C | N | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balance | 6.14–6.15 | 3.91–3.94 | 0.17–0.18 | 0.15 | 0.021 | 0.007–0.008 | 0.0172 |
Current [A] | Wire Feed Speed [m/min] | Travel Speed [mm/s] | Wire Diameter [mm] | Work Piece Distance [mm] | Plasma Gas Flow [L/min] | Shielding Gas Flow [L/min] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
145 | 2.4 | 5 | 1.2 | 8 | 0.8 | 8 |
Impact Energy–IE [J] | Tool Radius–R [mm] | Step Distance–s [mm] | Peening Velocity–v [mm/s] | Sample Name |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.7 (F = 225 Hz) | 10 | 0.5 | 112.5 | IE0.7_R10_s0.5 * |
6 J (F = 36 Hz) | 10 | 8.33 | 300 | IE6_R10_s8 |
4.16 | 150 | IE6_R10_s4 * | ||
3.13 | 112.5 | IE6_R10_s3 | ||
1 | 36 | IE6_R10_s1 | ||
0.5 | 18 | IE6_R10_s0.5 * | ||
Flat | 3.13 | 112.5 | IE6_Flat_s3 | |
25 | IE6_R25_s3 | |||
16 | IE6_R16_s3 | |||
6 | IE6_R6_s3 | |||
4 | IE6_R4_s3 |
Average Grain Diameter [µm] | OM Depth of Deformation [µm] | |
---|---|---|
IE0.7_s0.5 | 679 | 70.2 |
IE6_s4 | 694 | 158.5 |
IE6_s0.5 | 392 | 530.0 |
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Neto, L.; Williams, S.; Davis, A.E.; Kennedy, J.R. Effect of Machine Hammer Peening Conditions on β Grain Refinement of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V. Metals 2023, 13, 1888. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13111888
Neto L, Williams S, Davis AE, Kennedy JR. Effect of Machine Hammer Peening Conditions on β Grain Refinement of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V. Metals. 2023; 13(11):1888. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13111888
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeto, Leonor, Stewart Williams, Alec E. Davis, and Jacob R. Kennedy. 2023. "Effect of Machine Hammer Peening Conditions on β Grain Refinement of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V" Metals 13, no. 11: 1888. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13111888