Leaching of Sm, Co, Fe, and Cu from Spent SmCo Magnets Using Organic Acid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Equipment
2.3. Experimental Procedures
2.4. Experimental Method
3. Results
3.1. Orthogonal Experiment
3.2. Factor Analysis
3.3. Confirmation Experiments
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison of Organic Acid Leaching
4.2. Leaching Efficiency of Comparison
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Sm | Co | Fe | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|
wt.% | 27.7 | 59.3 | 17.5 | 5.75 |
Factors | Temperature | S/L Ratio | Time | Acid | H2O2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unit | °C | g L−1 | min | mol L−1 | vol.% |
Level 1 | 60 | 5 | 30 | 0.5 | 0 |
Level 2 | 70 | 10 | 60 | 1.0 | 1 |
Level 3 | 80 | 15 | 90 | 1.5 | 2 |
Level 4 | 90 | 20 | 120 | 2.0 | 3 |
No. | Temp. | S/L Ratio | Time | Acid | H2O2 | Sm | Co | Fe | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unit | °C | g L−1 | min | mol L−1 | vol.% | % | % | % | % |
1 | 60 | 5 | 30 | 0.5 | 0 | 19.61 | 20.49 | 27.41 | 0 |
2 | 60 | 10 | 60 | 1.0 | 1 | 58.37 | 64.46 | 70.11 | 0.33 |
3 | 60 | 15 | 90 | 1.5 | 2 | 61.95 | 68.74 | 80.11 | 0.43 |
4 | 60 | 20 | 120 | 2.0 | 3 | 63.19 | 70.50 | 81.69 | 0.33 |
5 | 70 | 5 | 60 | 1.5 | 3 | 57.07 | 84.21 | 97.60 | 79.77 |
6 | 70 | 10 | 30 | 2.0 | 2 | 64.98 | 76.67 | 89.14 | 2.91 |
7 | 70 | 15 | 120 | 0.5 | 1 | 70.87 | 72.18 | 83.26 | 0.16 |
8 | 70 | 20 | 90 | 1.0 | 0 | 48.66 | 50.82 | 60.69 | 0.14 |
9 | 80 | 5 | 90 | 2.0 | 1 | 63.54 | 78.56 | 95.03 | 4.54 |
10 | 80 | 10 | 120 | 1.5 | 0 | 65.36 | 72.50 | 81.08 | 1.56 |
11 | 80 | 15 | 30 | 1.0 | 3 | 61.78 | 84.18 | 95.63 | 0.73 |
12 | 80 | 20 | 60 | 0.5 | 2 | 64.81 | 68.21 | 78.95 | 0.05 |
13 | 90 | 5 | 120 | 1.0 | 2 | 67.84 | 80.44 | 95.83 | 88.37 |
14 | 90 | 10 | 90 | 0.5 | 3 | 68.45 | 73.53 | 76.51 | 7.68 |
15 | 90 | 15 | 60 | 2.0 | 0 | 58.54 | 52.76 | 58.31 | 0.47 |
16 | 90 | 20 | 30 | 1.5 | 1 | 52.77 | 57.77 | 66.47 | 0.17 |
No. | Temp. | S/L Ratio | Time | Acid | H2O2 | Sm | Co | Fe | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unit | °C | g L−1 | min | mol L−1 | vol.% | % | % | % | % |
1 | 60 | 5 | 30 | 0.5 | 0 | 18.24 | 18.54 | 24.12 | 0 |
2 | 60 | 10 | 60 | 1.0 | 1 | 21.65 | 23.48 | 33.33 | 0 |
3 | 60 | 15 | 90 | 1.5 | 2 | 32.64 | 35.94 | 38.62 | 0.02 |
4 | 60 | 20 | 120 | 2.0 | 3 | 38.18 | 39.57 | 46.09 | 0.03 |
5 | 70 | 5 | 60 | 1.5 | 3 | 55.86 | 56.56 | 71.41 | 0.33 |
6 | 70 | 10 | 30 | 2.0 | 2 | 26.86 | 26.98 | 37.95 | 0.03 |
7 | 70 | 15 | 120 | 0.5 | 1 | 45.43 | 50.16 | 57.09 | 0.04 |
8 | 70 | 20 | 90 | 1.0 | 0 | 40.09 | 42.44 | 45.10 | 0.07 |
9 | 80 | 5 | 90 | 2.0 | 1 | 63.05 | 63.92 | 79.85 | 1.14 |
10 | 80 | 10 | 120 | 1.5 | 0 | 59.67 | 65.09 | 73.10 | 1.73 |
11 | 80 | 15 | 30 | 1.0 | 3 | 37.23 | 36.63 | 44.02 | 0.04 |
12 | 80 | 20 | 60 | 0.5 | 2 | 38.56 | 43.54 | 50.88 | 0 |
13 | 90 | 5 | 120 | 1.0 | 2 | 71.13 | 76.13 | 89.44 | 2.27 |
14 | 90 | 10 | 90 | 0.5 | 3 | 52.42 | 72.59 | 72.56 | 0.02 |
15 | 90 | 15 | 60 | 2.0 | 0 | 56.49 | 53.51 | 55.27 | 0.62 |
16 | 90 | 20 | 30 | 1.5 | 1 | 37.81 | 36.47 | 37.04 | 0.09 |
Effect Factor | Temp. (%) | Time (%) | Acid (%) | H2O2 (%) | S/L (%) | Effect Factor | Temp. (%) | Time (%) | Acid (%) | H2O2 (%) | S/L (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sm | K1 | 50.78 | 49.78 | 55.93 | 48.04 | 52.01 | Co | K1 | 56.05 | 59.78 | 58.60 | 49.14 | 65.93 |
K2 | 60.40 | 59.70 | 59.16 | 61.39 | 64.29 | K2 | 70.97 | 67.41 | 69.98 | 68.24 | 71.79 | ||
K3 | 63.87 | 60.65 | 59.29 | 64.90 | 63.29 | K3 | 75.86 | 67.91 | 70.81 | 73.52 | 69.47 | ||
K4 | 61.90 | 66.82 | 62.56 | 62.62 | 57.36 | K4 | 66.13 | 73.91 | 69.62 | 78.11 | 61.83 | ||
Extreme deviation | 13.09 | 17.03 | 6.63 | 16.85 | 12.28 | Extreme deviation | 19.82 | 14.13 | 12.20 | 28.97 | 9.97 | ||
Priority order | Time > H2O2 > Temperature > S/L > Acid | Priority order | H2O2 > Temperature > Time > Acid > S/L | ||||||||||
Fe | K1 | 64.83 | 69.66 | 66.53 | 56.87 | 78.97 | Cu | K1 | 0.27 | 0.95 | 1.97 | 0.54 | 43.17 |
K2 | 82.67 | 76.24 | 80.57 | 78.72 | 79.21 | K2 | 20.74 | 20.15 | 22.39 | 1.30 | 3.12 | ||
K3 | 87.67 | 78.09 | 81.32 | 86.01 | 79.33 | K3 | 1.72 | 3.20 | 20.48 | 22.94 | 0.45 | ||
K4 | 74.28 | 85.46 | 81.04 | 87.86 | 71.95 | K4 | 24.17 | 22.61 | 2.06 | 22.13 | 0.17 | ||
Extreme deviation | 22.84 | 15.80 | 14.79 | 30.99 | 7.38 | Extreme deviation | 23.90 | 21.66 | 20.42 | 22.40 | 43.00 | ||
Priority order | H2O2 > Temperature > Time > Acid > S/L | Priority order | S/L > Temperature > H2O2 > Time > Acid |
Effect Factor | Temp. (%) | Time (%) | Acid (%) | H2O2 (%) | S/L (%) | Effect Factor | Temp. (%) | Time (%) | Acid (%) | H2O2 (%) | S/L (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sm | K1 | 27.68 | 30.03 | 38.66 | 43.62 | 52.07 | Co | K1 | 29.38 | 29.66 | 46.21 | 44.90 | 53.79 |
K2 | 42.06 | 43.14 | 42.53 | 41.98 | 40.15 | K2 | 44.04 | 44.27 | 44.67 | 43.51 | 47.03 | ||
K3 | 49.62 | 47.05 | 46.49 | 42.30 | 42.95 | K3 | 52.30 | 53.72 | 48.52 | 45.65 | 44.06 | ||
K4 | 54.46 | 53.60 | 46.15 | 45.92 | 38.66 | K4 | 59.68 | 57.74 | 46.00 | 51.34 | 40.51 | ||
Extreme deviation | 26.78 | 23.57 | 7.83 | 3.94 | 13.41 | Extreme deviation | 30.29 | 28.08 | 3.85 | 7.83 | 13.28 | ||
Priority order | Temperature > Time > S/L > Acid > H2O2 | Priority order | Temperature > Time > S/L > H2O2 > Acid | ||||||||||
Fe | K1 | 35.54 | 35.78 | 51.16 | 49.40 | 66.20 | Cu | K1 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.61 | 0.94 |
K2 | 52.89 | 52.72 | 52.97 | 51.83 | 54.23 | K2 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.60 | 0.32 | 0.45 | ||
K3 | 61.96 | 59.03 | 55.04 | 54.22 | 48.75 | K3 | 0.73 | 0.31 | 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.18 | ||
K4 | 63.58 | 66.43 | 54.79 | 58.52 | 44.78 | K4 | 0.75 | 1.02 | 0.46 | 0.11 | 0.05 | ||
Extreme deviation | 28.04 | 30.65 | 3.88 | 9.12 | 21.43 | Extreme deviation | 0.74 | 0.98 | 0.58 | 0.50 | 0.89 | ||
Priority order | Time > Temperature > S/L > H2O2 > Acid | Priority order | Time > S/L > Temperature > Acid > H2O2 |
Effect Factor | Temperature | Time | Acid | H2O2 | S/L | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Four metals | K1 | 42.98 | 45.04 | 45.76 | 38.65 | 60.02 |
K2 | 58.70 | 55.88 | 58.02 | 52.41 | 54.60 | |
K3 | 57.28 | 52.46 | 57.97 | 61.84 | 53.13 | |
K4 | 56.62 | 62.20 | 53.82 | 62.68 | 47.83 | |
Extreme deviation | 19.91 | 17.15 | 13.51 | 24.80 | 18.16 | |
Priority order | Acid |
Effect Factor | Temperature | Time | Acid | H2O2 | S/L | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Four metals | K1 | 23.15 | 23.88 | 34.01 | 34.63 | 43.25 |
K2 | 34.78 | 35.09 | 35.19 | 34.41 | 35.47 | |
K3 | 41.15 | 40.03 | 37.65 | 35.69 | 33.98 | |
K4 | 44.62 | 44.70 | 36.85 | 38.97 | 31.00 | |
Extreme deviation | 21.46 | 20.82 | 4.03 | 5.35 | 12.25 | |
Priority order | Temperature > Time > S/L > H2O2 > Acid |
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Wang, J.-Z.; Tang, Y.-C.; Shen, Y.-H. Leaching of Sm, Co, Fe, and Cu from Spent SmCo Magnets Using Organic Acid. Metals 2023, 13, 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020233
Wang J-Z, Tang Y-C, Shen Y-H. Leaching of Sm, Co, Fe, and Cu from Spent SmCo Magnets Using Organic Acid. Metals. 2023; 13(2):233. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020233
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Jian-Zhi, Yi-Chin Tang, and Yun-Hwei Shen. 2023. "Leaching of Sm, Co, Fe, and Cu from Spent SmCo Magnets Using Organic Acid" Metals 13, no. 2: 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020233