Study on the Effects of Fluid Parameters on Erosion-Enhanced Corrosion of 90/10 Copper–Nickel Alloy Using Wire Beam Electrode
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Preparation of Wire Beam Electrode and Test Solution
2.2. Erosion–Corrosion Tests
2.3. Electrochemical Measurements
2.4. CFD Simulation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. CFD Simulation
3.2. Potentiodynamic Polarization Analysis
3.3. SEM Surface Characterization
3.4. Effects of Fluid Parameters on Erosion-Enhanced Corrosion of 90/10 Copper–Nickel Alloy
4. Conclusions
- For the cases without sand particles, the impact angle plays a significant role in determining the erosion-enhanced corrosion when the flow velocity is lower than 0.860 m/s. By increasing the flow velocity to 2.370 m/s, the erosion-enhanced corrosion is simultaneously controlled by the flow velocity and impact angle. When the flow velocity exceeds 2.370 m/s, the flow velocity alone becomes the dominating factor affecting erosion-enhanced corrosion. In summary, the erosion-enhanced corrosion of 90/10 copper–nickel alloy is dominated by the impact angle and flow velocity at lower and higher flow velocities, respectively.
- Adding sand particles can lead to the increase in corrosion current density, facilitating erosion-enhanced corrosion, without changing the variation trend of Icorr with the flow velocity and impact angle, when the flow velocity is higher than 0.860 m/s.
- The sand impact frequency, in addition to the flow velocity and impact angle, can also greatly accelerate the erosion-enhanced corrosion of 90/10 copper–nickel alloy.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ni | Fe | Mn | C | Pb | S | P | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10.4 | 1.51 | 0.59 | 0.009 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 | Bal. |
Wire | Total Flow Velocity (m/s) | Tangential Flow Velocity (m/s) | Axial Flow Velocity (m/s) | Impact Angle (Degree) | Sand Impact Frequency (1/s) | Icorr with Sand (μA/cm2) | Icorr without Sand (μA/cm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0401 | 5.606 | 5.024 | 2.477 | 26.24 | 309 | 9.242 | 5.147 |
0501 | 0.490 | 0.337 | 0.295 | 41.27 | 0 | -- | 4.297 |
0601 | 0.325 | 0.266 | 0.185 | 34.79 | 0 | -- | 3.797 |
0701 | 0.234 | 0.196 | 0.127 | 32.83 | 0 | -- | 3.279 |
0402 | 5.644 | 5.421 | 1.553 | 15.98 | 560 | 10.210 | 5.348 |
0502 | 1.897 | 1.804 | 0.561 | 17.28 | 132 | 6.239 | 4.841 |
0602 | 0.290 | 0.213 | 0.195 | 42.54 | 0 | -- | 4.591 |
0702 | 0.241 | 0.202 | 0.131 | 32.92 | 0 | -- | 4.242 |
0403 | 4.615 | 4.539 | 0.812 | 10.15 | 404 | 7.416 | 4.942 |
0503 | 1.819 | 1.776 | 0.364 | 11.58 | 93 | 5.909 | 4.052 |
0603 | 0.289 | 0.196 | 0.203 | 46.04 | 0 | -- | 3.812 |
0703 | 0.311 | 0.265 | 0.157 | 30.70 | 0 | -- | 3.703 |
0404 | 3.565 | 3.528 | 0.478 | 7.71 | 132 | 5.942 | 4.442 |
0504 | 1.823 | 1.800 | 0.253 | 8.02 | 60 | 5.877 | 3.973 |
0604 | 0.471 | 0.427 | 0.183 | 23.19 | 0 | -- | 3.649 |
0704 | 0.288 | 0.210 | 0.186 | 41.54 | 0 | -- | 3.508 |
0405 | 2.370 | 2.350 | 0.258 | 6.27 | 43 | 5.711 | 4.273 |
0505 | 1.318 | 1.295 | 0.226 | 9.89 | 29 | 5.619 | 3.770 |
0605 | 0.609 | 0.571 | 0.192 | 18.62 | 1 | 4.583 | 2.826 |
0705 | 0.475 | 0.446 | 0.145 | 17.96 | 0 | -- | 3.401 |
0406 | 1.578 | 1.562 | 0.208 | 7.60 | 25 | 5.424 | 3.949 |
0506 | 1.399 | 1.385 | 0.180 | 7.40 | 12 | 5.595 | 3.417 |
0606 | 0.860 | 0.839 | 0.171 | 11.50 | 1 | 4.510 | 2.695 |
0706 | 0.611 | 0.595 | 0.129 | 12.25 | 0 | -- | 2.879 |
0407 | 1.536 | 1.525 | 0.169 | 6.32 | 3 | 5.377 | 3.326 |
0507 | 1.334 | 1.321 | 0.176 | 7.57 | 3 | 5.411 | 3.377 |
0607 | 1.060 | 1.046 | 0.164 | 8.89 | 0 | -- | 2.597 |
0707 | 0.853 | 0.841 | 0.126 | 8.54 | 0 | -- | 2.538 |
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Wang, Z.; Wang, Z.; Hu, H.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, S.; Zheng, Y. Study on the Effects of Fluid Parameters on Erosion-Enhanced Corrosion of 90/10 Copper–Nickel Alloy Using Wire Beam Electrode. Metals 2023, 13, 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020380
Wang Z, Wang Z, Hu H, Zhang C, Zhang S, Zheng Y. Study on the Effects of Fluid Parameters on Erosion-Enhanced Corrosion of 90/10 Copper–Nickel Alloy Using Wire Beam Electrode. Metals. 2023; 13(2):380. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020380
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zehua, Zhengbin Wang, Hongxiang Hu, Chunhua Zhang, Song Zhang, and Yugui Zheng. 2023. "Study on the Effects of Fluid Parameters on Erosion-Enhanced Corrosion of 90/10 Copper–Nickel Alloy Using Wire Beam Electrode" Metals 13, no. 2: 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020380