Effect of Graphite Morphology on the Thermomechanical Performance of Compacted Graphite Iron
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Microstructural Characterisation of CGI
- Spherical (nodular) graphite in 2D was modelled as a sphere in 3D.
- Vermicular graphite inclusions in 2D were simulated as oblate spheroids in 3D.
- Flake graphite inclusions in 2D were considered as plates, becoming cuboid with increasing width and height in 3D.
- The length of the major axis in vermicular graphite and the length of flake graphite were assumed equal to the diameter of a spherical graphite.
- The rectangular matrix domain in 2D corresponded to a cuboid with equal length and width in 3D.
3. Thermal Experiments
4. Numerical Models
4.1. Geometry
4.2. Constitutive Behaviour
4.3. Boundary and Loading Conditions
5. Results of Numerical Simulations
5.1. Height Profile of Graphite and Matrix in Numerical Simulations
5.2. Temperature of Damage Initiation
5.3. Damage Profile in Graphite at the Interface
5.4. Stress Distribution in Graphite and Matrix
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
area of graphite in 2D | |
aspect ratio of vermicular graphite | |
coefficient of thermal expansion | |
diameter of spherical graphite | |
fully fixed boundary condition | |
length of flake graphite | |
length of square matrix in 2D | |
length of cubic matrix in 3D | |
major axis of vermicular graphite | |
minor axis of vermicular graphite | |
periodic boundary condition | |
pressure | |
von Mises equivalent stress | |
area of square matrix (2D) | |
volume of cubic matrix in 3D | |
volume fraction of graphite | |
volume of spherical graphite in 3D | |
plastic strain rate | |
plastic strain at onset of damage | |
stress triaxiality | |
state variable |
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Graphite Particle No. | Height Difference before Thermal Load (μm) | Height Difference after Thermal Load (μm) | Change of Height Difference (μm) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.598 | 0.720 | 0.122 |
2 | 0.603 | 0.813 | 0.210 |
3 | 0.327 | 0.539 | 0.212 |
4 | 0.288 | 0.485 | 0.197 |
5 | 0.382 | 0.447 | 0.065 |
6 | 0.365 | 0.502 | 0.137 |
7 | 0.117 | 0.252 | 0.135 |
8 | 1.769 | 1.962 | 0.193 |
Model | Notation | Type of Graphite Inclusion | (µm) | W (µm) | H (µm) | Boundary Conditions | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | A1 | Spherical | Spherical | 15 | - | - | FFBCs |
A2 | PBCs | ||||||
B | B1 | Ver_H4 | Vermicular | 8 | - | - | FFBCs |
B2 | PBCs | ||||||
C | C1 | Ver_H7.5 | Vermicular | 8 | - | - | FFBCs |
C2 | PBCs | ||||||
D | D1 | W2H4 | Flake | - | 2 | 4 | FFBCs |
D2 | PBCs | ||||||
E | E1 | W4H4 | Flake | - | 4 | 4 | FFBCs |
E2 | PBCs | ||||||
F | F1 | W8H4 | Flake | - | 8 | 4 | FFBCs |
F2 | PBCs | ||||||
G | G1 | W8H8 | Flake | - | 8 | 8 | FFBCs |
G2 | PBCs | ||||||
H | H1 | W8H12 | Flake | - | 8 | 12 | FFBCs |
H2 | PBCs |
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Cao, M.; Baxevanakis, K.P.; Silberschmidt, V.V. Effect of Graphite Morphology on the Thermomechanical Performance of Compacted Graphite Iron. Metals 2023, 13, 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030473
Cao M, Baxevanakis KP, Silberschmidt VV. Effect of Graphite Morphology on the Thermomechanical Performance of Compacted Graphite Iron. Metals. 2023; 13(3):473. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030473
Chicago/Turabian StyleCao, Minghua, Konstantinos P. Baxevanakis, and Vadim V. Silberschmidt. 2023. "Effect of Graphite Morphology on the Thermomechanical Performance of Compacted Graphite Iron" Metals 13, no. 3: 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030473