Analysis of the Mechanical and Microstructural Fluctuations of High-Strength Steels and Their Effect on Bending Angle
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Chemical composition analysis to identify and quantify the elemental composition of each batch.
- Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for an in-depth characterization and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis to identify the recrystallization state and grain misorientations.
- Tensile tests to determine the mechanical properties of each batch.
- U-bending tests in a press demonstrator. The bend angle after the springback was measured, and Pearson correlation coefficients were obtained using correlation analysis. Thus, positive and negative effects of the initial material properties’ variability and press specifications on the bend angle after springback were calculated
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Chemical Composition Analysis
2.3. Microstructural Properties of DP980 and CP980
2.4. Mechanical Properties of Both DP980 and CP980
2.5. Experimental Tests in U-Bending Demonstrator in the Servomechanical Press
2.6. Correlation Analysis Procedure
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Composition Measurements
3.2. Microstructural Properties of DP980 and CP980
3.3. Mechanical Properties of Both DP980 and CP980
3.4. U-Bending Experimental Tests
3.5. Correlation Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Variations of up to 1.25° in bending angle were observed between the five batches for the same press stroke. The variability in the properties of the three DP980 steels analyzed involved variations of up to 0.71° in the bending angle for the same stroke. Between batches from the same provider, variations up to 0.65° were observed.
- The variability in the properties of the two CP980 steels analyzed (same provider, different batches) involved variations of up to 0.55° in the bending angle for the same stroke.
- The use of correlation analysis allowed for knowing the most influential variables of the process in order to predict the bending angle in anticipation of material and thickness changes. The most influential variables on the final bending angle in the U-bending process were, apart from the press stroke, the sheet thickness and the mechanical strength. The least influential variables were the anisotropy and strain hardening exponent.
- Maximum variations in mechanical properties were found for the elongation and strain hardening exponents. For n, a maximum difference of 108.33% was found between batches in CPs. As for A, a maximum variation of 34.92% was found for 0° between DPs. As for grain size, a maximum difference of 43.28% was found between all of the materials.
- Maximum variations of 9.4% in phase content were observed in DP980 steels, while CP980 steels exhibited variations of 5.6%. The presence of bainite in CP980 2 gave this material a higher work hardening rate and the lowest tensile strength.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Specifications |
---|---|
DP980 1 | Supplier No. 1 Batch 1 Annealed, skin-passed |
DP980 2 | Supplier No. 1 Batch 2 Annealed, skin-passed |
DP980 3 | Supplier No. 2 Batch 3 Annealed, skin-passed |
CP980 1 | Supplier No. 3 Batch 4 Annealed |
CP980 2 | Supplier No. 3 Batch 5 Annealed |
Material | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Ni | B (ppm) | Cu | Mo | N | Nb | Ti | V | Sol-Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DP980 1 | 0.0685 | 0.202 | 2.525 | 0.018 | 0.001 | 0.965 | 0.014 | 24 | 0.017 | 0.025 | - | 0.05 | 0.0205 | 0.004 | 0.032 |
DP980 2 | 0.0718 | 0.106 | 2.469 | 0.0102 | 0.0013 | 0.947 | 0.015 | 26 | 0.023 | 0.023 | - | 0.051 | 0.0219 | 0.004 | 0.034 |
DP980 3 | 0.150 | 0.201 | 1.89 | 0.019 | 0.003 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.053 | - | - | - | 0.032 |
CP980 1 | 0.098 | 0.34 | 2.22 | 0.013 | 0 | 0.124 | - | 0.0025(%) | - | 0.001 | - | 0.002 | 0.0024 | 0.005 | 0.0046 |
CP980 2 | 0.1020 | 0.35 | 2.18 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.118 | 0 | 0.0021(%) | 0.008 | 0.001 | - | 0.002 | 0.0024 | 0.005 | 0.0046 |
Material | DP980 1 | DP980 2 | DP980 3 | CP980 1 | CP980 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ferrite fraction Vα [%] | 42.9 | 36.7 | 33.5 | 30.9 | 25.2 |
Martensite and bainite fraction VM/B [%] | 57.1 | 63.3 | 66.5 | 69.1 | 74.8 |
Material | DP980 1 | DP980 2 | DP980 3 | CP980 1 | CP980 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arithmetic average grain size [µm] | 1.49 | 1.34 | 1.62 | 1.92 | 1.83 |
Weighted average grain size [µm] | 3.34 | 3.04 | 5.37 | 5.60 | 6.37 |
Max. grain size [µm] | 9.43 | 9.80 | 15.70 | 14.55 | 19.68 |
Min. grain size [µm] | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.28 | 0.45 |
Material | DP980 1 | DP980 2 | DP980 3 | CP980 1 | CP980 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sheet thickness [mm] | 1.46 | 1.49 | 1.49 | 1.50 | 1.49 |
Material | DP980 1 | DP980 2 | DP980 3 | CP980 1 | CP980 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variability in bending angle after springback [°] | 0.27 | 0.48 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.43 |
UTS [MPa] | Rp0.2% [MPa] | r [-] | A [%] | n [-] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RD [°] | DPs [%] | CPs [%] | DPs [%] | CPs [%] | DPs [%] | CPs [%] | DPs [%] | CPs [%] | DPs [%] | CPs [%] |
0 | 5.55 | 6.40 | 5.99 | 7.32 | 4.84 | 7.72 | 34.92 | 15.96 | 15.91 | 32.43 |
45 | 3.21 | 4.04 | 5.53 | 7.94 | 10.37 | 9.51 | 32.06 | 10.90 | 25.00 | 74.07 |
90 | 3.90 | 6.89 | 4.84 | 13.95 | 9.16 | 5.47 | 17.03 | 21.61 | 28.95 | 108.33 |
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Muñiz, L.; Trinidad, J.; Galdos, L. Analysis of the Mechanical and Microstructural Fluctuations of High-Strength Steels and Their Effect on Bending Angle. Metals 2023, 13, 1603. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13091603
Muñiz L, Trinidad J, Galdos L. Analysis of the Mechanical and Microstructural Fluctuations of High-Strength Steels and Their Effect on Bending Angle. Metals. 2023; 13(9):1603. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13091603
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuñiz, Laura, Javier Trinidad, and Lander Galdos. 2023. "Analysis of the Mechanical and Microstructural Fluctuations of High-Strength Steels and Their Effect on Bending Angle" Metals 13, no. 9: 1603. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13091603