Oxide Scale Formation on Low-Carbon Steels in Future Reheating Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Oxidation in Isothermal Conditions
- CH4–air (least oxidizing)
- COG–air
- H2–air
- CH4–H2–oxy (most oxidizing)
3.2. Morphology of the Formed Oxide Scales
3.3. Adhesion of the Steel–Scale Interface
3.4. Dynamic Tests in CH4–Air and H2–Air
4. Conclusions
- Oxide formation increased in all four steel grades in the novel gas atmospheres H2–air and CH4–H2–oxyfuel when compared to the current practices of methane–air and coke oven gas–air. From a scaling loss standpoint, the transition to H2 burn in air produced a more moderate increase, whereas the oxyfuel scenario was by far the most oxidizing. The total oxidation in the four tested gas atmospheres correlated with the water vapor content.
- Large differences were found between individual steel grades regarding the increase in oxidation in the novel gas atmospheres. In other words, some grades may be better suited for H2 or oxyfuel reheating gas atmospheres than others.
- No significant differences were observed between the gas atmospheres regarding the adhesion of the steel–scale interface after cooling in ambient air. Hence, the novel reheating gas atmospheres are not expected to cause significant descaling problems.
- The adhesion of the steel–scale interface was mainly determined by the silicon content of the steel and temperature. For the silicon-containing grades, the test temperature had a large influence on adhesion due to the formation of a liquid FeO–Fe2SiO4 phase, which penetrated the oxide and steel creating a strong entanglement. Temperature, however, had little influence on the low-silicon steel grades with regards to the adhesion of the metal–scale interface.
- The increase in water vapor in the novel gas atmospheres did seem to have an influence on the porosity and pore shape of the iron oxides; however, a more detailed study is required on this topic.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abbreviation | Fuel Gas | Oxidant | N2 | CO2 | H2O | O2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. CH4–air | Methane (CH4) | Air | 72.60 | 8.05 | 16.10 | 3.22 |
2. COG–air | Coke oven gas (COG) | Air | 70.50 | 6.13 | 20.50 | 2.82 |
3. H2–air | Hydrogen (H2) | Air | 67.20 | - | 29.80 | 3.00 |
4. CH4–H2–oxy | 50% CH4–50% H2 | Oxygen (O2) | - | 19.36 | 77.42 | 3.22 |
Steel Grade | C | Si | Mn | Nb | Al | Cr | Mo | Other | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grade A | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.2 | - | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.005 | - | Bal. |
Grade B | 0.06 | 0.20 | 1.2 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.005 | V | Bal. |
Grade C | 0.10 | 0.02 | 1.5 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.005 | Ti | Bal. |
Grade D | 0.11 | 0.36 | 1.7 | - | <1.0 | 0.04 | 0.005 | - | Bal. |
Grade A | Grade B | Grade C | Grade D | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | 1150 | 1230 | 1300 | 1150 | 1230 | 1300 | 1150 | 1230 | 1300 | 1150 | 1230 | 1300 |
CH4–H2–oxy | 10.1% | 22.2% | 35.0% | 39.1% | 65.1% | 53.3% | 35.9% | 74.1% | 90.0% | 27.1% | 17.7% | 18.7% |
H2–air | 6.2% | 14.3% | 17.8% | 8.2% | 24.2% | 24.8% | 16.0% | 24.8% | 47.9% | 15.9% | 4.6% | 9.1% |
COG–air | 0.1% | 7.8% | 15.3% | 6.3% | 7.0% | 30.3% | ||||||
CH4–air | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline |
S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | S8 | S9 | S10 | S11 | S12 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | 74.4 | 74.3 | 74.4 | 77.0 | 76.6 | 76.4 | 80.1 | 79.5 | 80.4 | 77.4 | 76.7 | 76.6 |
O | 25.6 | 25.7 | 25.6 | 23.0 | 23.4 | 23.6 | 19.9 | 20.1 | 19.7 | 22.6 | 23.3 | 23.4 |
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Haapakangas, J.; Riikonen, S.; Airaksinen, S.; Heikkinen, E.-P.; Fabritius, T. Oxide Scale Formation on Low-Carbon Steels in Future Reheating Conditions. Metals 2024, 14, 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14020189
Haapakangas J, Riikonen S, Airaksinen S, Heikkinen E-P, Fabritius T. Oxide Scale Formation on Low-Carbon Steels in Future Reheating Conditions. Metals. 2024; 14(2):189. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14020189
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaapakangas, Juho, Sonja Riikonen, Susanna Airaksinen, Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen, and Timo Fabritius. 2024. "Oxide Scale Formation on Low-Carbon Steels in Future Reheating Conditions" Metals 14, no. 2: 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14020189