Development and Performance Evaluation of a Mechanical Connection for Steel and Shape Memory Alloy Bars
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiment Design
2.1. SMA Bar
2.2. Mechanical Coupler
3. Testing and Measurement
3.1. Test Procedure
3.2. Design of Heating Equipment
3.3. DIC-Based Displacement Measurement
4. Experimental Results and Discussion
4.1. Tensile Performance of Steel Bars
4.2. Connected Steel–SMA Bars: Steel Bar Yielding
4.3. Connected Steel–SMA Bars: SMA Bar Yielding
4.4. Connected Steel–SMA Bars: Heated SMA Bar Yielding
4.5. Slip Evaluation of Connected Steel–SMA Bars
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Chang, L.C.; Read, T.A. Plastic deformation and diffusionless phase changes in metals—The gold-cadmium beta phase. J. Miner. Met. Mater. Soc. 1951, 3, 47–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buehler, W.J.; Gilfrich, J.V.; Wiley, R.C. Effect of low-temperature phase changes on the mechanical properties of alloys near composition TiNi. J. Appl. Phys. 1963, 34, 1475–1477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Humbeeck, J.; Stalmans, R. Shape memory alloys, types and functionalities. In Encyclopedia of Smart Materials, 2nd ed.; Schwartz, M., Ed.; John Wiley and Sons: New York, NY, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Dong, Z.; Klotz, U.E.; Leinenbach, C.; Bergamini, A.; Czaderski, C.; Motavalli, M. A novel Fe-Mn-Si shape memory alloy with improved shape recovery properties by VC precipitation. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2009, 11, 40–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadiq, H.; Wong, M.B.; Al-Mahaidi, R.; Zhao, X.L. The effects of heat treatment on the recovery stresses of shape memory alloys. Smart Mater. Struct. 2010, 19, 035021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Li, Y.; Ramesh, K.T.; Van Humbeeck, J. High strain rate deformation of martensitic NiTi shape memory alloy. Scr. Mater. 1999, 41, 89–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, X.; Liu, Y. Effect of annealing on the transformation behavior and superelasticity of NiTi shape memory alloy. Scr. Mater. 2001, 45, 153–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahmud, A.S.; Yang, H.; Tee, S.; Rio, G.; Liu, Y. Effect of annealing on deformation-induced martensite stabilisation of NiTi. Intermetallics 2008, 16, 209–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janke, L.; Czaderski, C.; Motavalli, M.; Ruth, J. Applications of shape memory alloys in civil engineering structures—Overview, limits and new ideas. Mater. Struct. 2005, 38, 578–592. [Google Scholar]
- Shajil, N.; Srinivasan, S.M.; Santhanam, M. Self-centering of shape memory alloy fiber reinforced cement mortar members subjected to strong cyclic loading. Mater. Struct. 2013, 46, 651–661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jung, C.Y.; Lee, J.H. Crack closure and flexural tensile capacity with SMA fibers randomly embedded on tensile side of mortar beams. Nanotechnol. Rev. 2020, 9, 369–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, E.; Ostadrahimi, A.; Lee, J.H. Pullout resistance of crimped reinforcing fibers using cold-drawn NiTi SMA wires. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 265, 120858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, E.; Kim, H.S.; Nam, T.H. Effect of crimped SMA fiber geometry on recovery stress and pullout resistance. Compos. Struct. 2020, 247, 112466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dębska, A.; Gwoździewicz, P.; Seruga, A.; Balandraud, X.; Destrebecq, J.F. The application of Ni–Ti SMA wires in the external prestressing of concrete hollow cylinders. Materials 2021, 14, 1354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schleiting, M.; Wetzel, A.; Bauer, A.; Frenck, J.M.; Niendorf, T.; Middendorf, B. Potential of Fe-Mn-Al-Ni Shape Memory Alloys for Internal Prestressing of Ultra-High Performance Concrete. Materials 2023, 16, 3816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beßling, M.; Czaderski, C.; Orlowsky, J. Prestressing effect of shape memory alloy reinforcements under serviceability tensile loads. Buildings 2021, 11, 101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qian, H.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, X.; Deng, E.; Gao, J. Experimental investigation on bending behavior of existing RC beam retrofitted with SMA-ECC composites materials. Materials 2021, 15, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sung, M.; Andrawes, B. Innovative local prestressing system for concrete crossties using shape memory alloys. Eng. Struct. 2021, 247, 113048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raza, S.; Shafei, B.; Saiidi, M.S.; Motavalli, M.; Shahverdi, M. Shape memory alloy reinforcement for strengthening and self-centering of concrete structures—State of the art. Constr. Build. Mater. 2022, 324, 126628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alshannag, M.J.; Alqarni, A.S.; Higazey, M.M. Superelastic Nickel–Titanium (NiTi)-Based Smart Alloys for Enhancing the Performance of Concrete Structures. Materials 2023, 16, 4333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pogrebnjak, A.D.; Bratushka, S.N.; Beresnev, V.M.; Levintant-Zayonts, N. Shape memory effect and superelasticity of titanium nickelide alloys implanted with high ion doses. Russ. Chem. Rev. 2013, 82, 1135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ebrahimi, M.; Attarilar, S.; Gode, C.; Kandavalli, S.R.; Shamsborhan, M.; Wang, Q. Conceptual Analysis on Severe Plastic Deformation Processes of Shape Memory Alloys: Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Characterization. Metals 2023, 13, 447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nespoli, A.; Ninarello, D.; Fanciulli, C. A Review on Shape Memory Alloys with Martensitic Transition at Cryogenic Temperatures. Metals 2023, 13, 1311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abraik, E.; El-Fitiany, S.F.; Youssef, M.A. Seismic performance of concrete core walls reinforced with shape memory alloy bars. Structures 2020, 27, 1479–1489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abraik, E.; Youssef, M.A. Ductility and overstrength of shape-memory-alloy reinforced-concrete shear walls. Eng. Struct. 2021, 239, 112236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siddiquee, K.N.; Billah, A.M.; Issa, A. Seismic collapse safety and response modification factor of concrete frame buildings reinforced with superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) rebar. J. Build. Eng. 2021, 42, 102468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferraioli, M.; Concilio, A.; Molitierno, C. Seismic performance of a reinforced concrete building retrofitted with self-centering shape memory alloy braces. Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib. 2022, 21, 785–809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bompa, D.V.; Elghazouli, A.Y. Ductility considerations for mechanical reinforcement couplers. Structures 2017, 12, 115–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bompa, D.V.; Elghazouli, A.Y. Inelastic cyclic behaviour of RC members incorporating threaded reinforcement couplers. Eng. Struct. 2019, 180, 468–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ben-dahou, A.; Ferrier, E.; Gabor, A.; Michel, L.; Gardes, R.; Boisson, R.; Poissonnet, C.; Dolo, J.M. Influence of rebar couplers on the cracking behavior of reinforced concrete beams. Nucl. Eng. Des. 2024, 416, 112801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pareek, S.; Suzuki, Y.; Araki, Y.; Youssef, M.A.; Meshaly, M. Plastic hinge relocation in reinforced concrete beams using Cu-Al-Mn SMA bars. Eng. Struct. 2018, 175, 765–775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Billah, A.M.; Alam, M.S. Plastic hinge length of shape memory alloy (SMA) reinforced concrete bridge pier. Eng. Struct. 2016, 117, 321–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Molod, M.A.; Spyridis, P.; Barthold, F.J. Applications of shape memory alloys in structural engineering with a focus on concrete construction—A comprehensive review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2022, 337, 127565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Otsuka, K.; Sawamura, T.; Shimizu, K. Crystal structure and internal defects of equiatomic TiNi martensite. Phys. Status Solidi (A) 1971, 5, 457–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chowdhury, P.; Sehitoglu, H. Deformation physics of shape memory alloys-fundamentals at atomistic frontier. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2017, 88, 49–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dolce, M.; Cardone, D. Mechanical behaviour of shape memory alloys for seismic applications 2. Austenite NiTi wires subjected to tension. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 2001, 43, 2657–2677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- KS B 0802: Korean Standard (KS); Method of Tensile Test for Metallic Materials. Korean Standards Association: Seoul, Republic of Korea, 2003.
- ASTM A370-23; Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2020.
- KS D 0249: Korean Standard (KS); Method of Inspection for Mechanical Splicing Joint of Bars for Concrete Reinforcement. Korean Standards Association: Seoul, Republic of Korea, 2019.
- KS D 3504: Korean Standard (KS); Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement. Korean Standards Association: Seoul, Republic of Korea, 2021.
- Choi, E.; Jeon, J.S.; Lee, J.H. Self-centering capacity of RC columns with smart plastic hinges of martensitic NiTi SMA bars. Smart Mater. Struct. 2023, 32, 115015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quanjin, M.; Rejab, M.R.M.; Halim, Q.; Merzuki, M.N.M.; Darus, M.A.H. Experimental investigation of the tensile test using digital image correlation (DIC) method. Mater. Today Proc. 2020, 27, 757–763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chu, T.C.; Ranson, W.F.; Sutton, M.A. Applications of digital-image-correlation techniques to experimental mechanics. Exp. Mech. 1985, 25, 232–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bruck, H.A.; McNeill, S.R.; Sutton, M.A.; Peters, W.H. Digital image correlation using Newton-Raphson method of partial differential correction. Exp. Mech. 1989, 29, 261–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, B. Recent progress in digital image correlation. Exp. Mech. 2011, 51, 1223–1235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Specimens | (MPa) | (MPa) | E (GPa) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D25 | Specimen 1 | 696 | 821 | 190 | 0.0037 | 0.0808 |
Specimen 2 | 686 | 823 | 196 | 0.0035 | 0.0815 | |
D13 | Specimen 1 | 422 | 587 | 201 | 0.0021 | 0.1576 |
Specimen 2 | 403 | 586 | 203 | 0.0020 | 0.1548 |
Specimens | (MPa) | (MPa) | E (GPa) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austenite | H-Steel bars | 433 | 658 | 190 | 0.0023 | 0.1818 |
423 | 610 | 193 | 0.0022 | 0.1230 | ||
L-Steel bars | 430 | 651 | 196 | 0.0022 | 0.1560 | |
420 | 614 | 200 | 0.0021 | 0.1220 | ||
Martensite | H-Steel bars | 421 | 638 | 200 | 0.0021 | 0.1545 |
410 | 601 | 205 | 0.0020 | 0.1340 | ||
L-Steel bars | 420 | 641 | 191 | 0.0022 | 0.2099 | |
412 | 605 | 187 | 0.0022 | 0.1450 |
Specimens | (MPa) | (MPa) | E (GPa) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austenite | Specimen 1 | 571 | 844 | 72 | 0.0079 | 0.1321 |
Specimen 2 | 590 | 845 | 78 | 0.0076 | 0.1286 | |
Martensite | Specimen 1 | 223 | 626 | 30 | 0.0074 | 0.1162 |
Specimen 2 | 214 | 635 | 29 | 0.0073 | 0.1165 |
Specimen | (MPa) | (MPa) | E (GPa) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Heated Martensite | 223 | 626 | 30 | 0.0074 | 0.1162 | |
Heated Martensite | Specimen 1 | 230 | 598 | 33 | 0.0069 | 0.2082 |
Specimen 2 | 210 | 596 | 27 | 0.0078 | 0.1600 | |
Average | 220 | 597 | 30 | 0.0074 | 0.1841 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Song, M.-K.; Choi, E.; Lee, J.-H. Development and Performance Evaluation of a Mechanical Connection for Steel and Shape Memory Alloy Bars. Metals 2024, 14, 300. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14030300
Song M-K, Choi E, Lee J-H. Development and Performance Evaluation of a Mechanical Connection for Steel and Shape Memory Alloy Bars. Metals. 2024; 14(3):300. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14030300
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Min-Kyu, Eunsoo Choi, and Jong-Han Lee. 2024. "Development and Performance Evaluation of a Mechanical Connection for Steel and Shape Memory Alloy Bars" Metals 14, no. 3: 300. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14030300