The Microstructure and Properties of Al–Mn–Cu–Zr Alloy after High-Energy Ball Milling and Hot-Press Sintering
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Mechanical Alloying
3.2. Annealing of the MA Granules
3.3. Hot-Press Sintering
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Mechanical Alloying
4.2. Phase Composition of the Alloy after Annealing and Hot-Press Sintering
4.3. Mechanical Properties of the Alloy after Annealing and Hot-Press Sintering
5. Summary
- The dissolution of Mn, Zr, and Cu with further precipitation of the Al6Mn phase occurred during mechanical alloying. For the PCA-free alloy, the dissolution of Zr, Cu, and the Mn solute content of about 5 wt% were observed after milling for 10 h. The grain size measured by TEM was 16 nm, which was the same as the crystallite size estimated by XRD. Due to the high solute content, fine precipitates and nano-grained structure, the MA granules exhibit a hardness of ~500–650 HV.
- The addition of stearic acid helped to refine the granules and facilitated Mn dissolution and precipitation of the secondary Al6Mn phase during milling but resulted in the formation of zirconium hydrate ZrH2 at early milling stages. Stearic acid decreased Zr solubility, increased the crystallite size of the MA granules to ~22 nm and decreased hardness to ~300–500 HV.
- According to XRD data, annealing of the MA granules at the temperatures of 350–450 °C for 2–4 h resulted in decomposition of Al solid solution with precipitation of the Al6Mn, L12–Al3Zr, Al20Cu2Mn3, and Al2Cu secondary phases. The crystallite size increased to 26–33 nm and hardness decreased from 530 HV for as-milled condition to 380–500 HV after annealing.
- Sintering and further annealing at temperatures of 350–400 °C provided a high hardness of 500–520 HV but a low density of ~2.7–2.9 g/sm3 and a large fraction of cavities of 6–12%. As a result, the studied alloy has a brittle fracture and low strength values at compression tests. In the elevated temperature test at 350 °C, the alloy exhibited an apparently stable flow with a low yield stress of 100–190 MPa and without the failure associated with the intragranular deformation mechanism accommodated by cavitation.
- Hot-press sintering at 450 °C, followed by annealing at 400 °C for 2 h resulted in a high density of ~3.1 g/sm3, which was similar to theoretical values, and a low fraction of cavities of ~1.5%. This sintering regime provided a lower hardness of 400 HV but high strength properties of the alloy in compression tests; a yield strength of 1100 MPa, an ultimate strength of 1200 MPa, and a strain at fracture of 0.5% were observed at room temperature, and a yield strength of 380 MPa, an ultimate strength of 440 MPa, and a strain at fracture of 3.5% were observed at 350 °C. The SEM studies of the surface structure after small strains at 350 °C showed that the deformation for the high-temperature sintered alloy was localized in the granular body.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Lattice Parameter a, nm | Coherent Scattering Region, CSR, nm |
---|---|---|
Mechanical alloying | 0.4039 | 17 ± 3 |
Annealing at 350 °C for 2 h | 0.4048 | 23 ± 5 |
Annealing at 350 °C for 4 h | 0.4055 | 31 ± 6 |
Annealing at 400 °C for 2 h | 0.4055 | 26 ± 5 |
Annealing at 450 °C for 2 h | 0.4053 | 29 ± 8 |
Hot pressing at 350 °C | 0.4042 | 34 ± 2 |
Hot pressing at 375 °C | 0.4043 | 25 ± 5 |
Hot pressing at 400 °C | 0.4047 | 33 ± 7 |
Hot pressing at 450 °C | 0.4053 | 33 ± 8 |
Consolidation Temperature and Heat Treatment Regime | HV, kgs/mm2 | Density, g/sm3 | Ultimate Compressive Strength (σmax) at 25 °C, MPa | Yield Strength (σ0.2) at 350 °C, MPa |
---|---|---|---|---|
350 °C | 500 ± 30 | 2.70 ± 0.03 | 180 ± 10 | 125 ± 20 |
350 °C and annealing at 350 °C for 2 h | 475 ± 30 | 2.69 ± 0.02 | 160 ± 20 | 100 ± 15 |
375 °C | 520 ± 20 | 2.77 ± 0.02 | 415 ± 15 | 160 ± 15 |
375 °C and annealing at 375 °C for 2 h | 515 ± 20 | 2.89 ± 0.02 | 475 ± 15 | 190 ± 10 |
400 °C | 470 ± 20 | 2.78 ± 0.02 | 350 ± 30 | 165 ± 10 |
400 °C and annealing at 400 °C for 2 h | 510 ± 15 | 2.85 ± 0.01 | 610 ± 25 | 185 ± 15 |
450 °C | 380 ± 20 | 3.05 ± 0.02 | - | - |
450 °C and annealing at 400 °C for 2 h | 400 ± 15 | 3.15 ± 0.05 | 1100 ± 20 */1200 ± 30 ** | 380 ± 12 */440 ± 13 ** |
Alloy/Composite | Hardness, HV, kgs/mm2 | Yield Strength (RT/Elevated Temperature), MPa | Ultimate Compressive or Tensile Strength, (RT/Elevated Temperature) MPa | Strain–to–Fracture, (RT/Elevated Temperature)% | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al–7.7 wt%Mn–3.2 wt%Cu–4.9 wt%Zr | 530–630 | 1100RT/380350 | 1200RT/440350 | 0.5RT/3.5350 | This study |
Al–7.7 wt%Mn–3.1 wt%Cu | 500 | 870RT/220350 | 900RT/350350 | 0.27RT/40350 | [109] |
Al–3.17%Mn–3.08 %Cu–0.35%Be–0.21%Sc–0.14%Zr | ~110 | 304RT/150350 | 437RT/155350 | 180350 | [105] |
Al–Mn–Cu–Zr | - | 450RT | 590RT | 0.6RT | [20] |
Al–3%Mn–1%Cr–2%Cu | - | ≈300RT | 600RT | ≥20 RT | [110] |
Al–10 wt%Zr | 270 | 310300 | 822RT/344300 | 0.1RT/0.2300 | [73] |
Al–10 wt%Fe–PCA | - | 1000RT/400350 | 1200RT/500350 | 0.1–0.2RT/≥15350 | [66] |
Al alloy + graphene NP | - | - | 1200RT/110350 | - | [111] |
7075 + Ag–C NPs | 300 | - | - | - | [12] |
2024 + 10%Al2O3 | - | 460RT/325180 | 495RT/340180 | 2.0RT/6.6180 | [112] |
Al–5 wt%Zr–10%Al203 | 520 | 220350 | 340350 | 25350 | [72] |
AA6063 + 1 wt%Cu + Al3Ti | 265 | 872RT/273300 | ~970RT/290300 | ~8300 | [100] |
AA6063 + 1 wt%Cu + Al3Zr | 265 | 841RT/242300 | ~900RT/254300 | ~5300 | [100] |
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Yakovtseva, O.A.; Mochugovskiy, A.G.; Prosviryakov, A.S.; Bazlov, A.I.; Emelina, N.B.; Mikhaylovskaya, A.V. The Microstructure and Properties of Al–Mn–Cu–Zr Alloy after High-Energy Ball Milling and Hot-Press Sintering. Metals 2024, 14, 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14030310
Yakovtseva OA, Mochugovskiy AG, Prosviryakov AS, Bazlov AI, Emelina NB, Mikhaylovskaya AV. The Microstructure and Properties of Al–Mn–Cu–Zr Alloy after High-Energy Ball Milling and Hot-Press Sintering. Metals. 2024; 14(3):310. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14030310
Chicago/Turabian StyleYakovtseva, Olga A., Andrey G. Mochugovskiy, Alexey S. Prosviryakov, Andrey I. Bazlov, Nadezhda B. Emelina, and Anastasia V. Mikhaylovskaya. 2024. "The Microstructure and Properties of Al–Mn–Cu–Zr Alloy after High-Energy Ball Milling and Hot-Press Sintering" Metals 14, no. 3: 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14030310