Influence of High-Temperature Deformation on the Dissolution of δ-Ferrite in Stainless Steels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Conventional Isothermal Annealing Treatments: The heat treatments were performed at two different temperatures of 1000 and 1150 °C, while the soaking times were chosen as 1, 2, and 3 h, respectively. After each treatment, the samples were air-cooled to room temperature. A computer-controlled 3-Zone Tube Furnace (LINDBERG CC58434C/LINDBERG, Watertown, WI, USA) was used for these heat treatments.
- Hot Compression Experiments: After heating the samples to the deformation temperature of 900 °C, a Universal Testing Machine (INSTRON 1000HDX/INSTRON, Norwood, MA, USA) equipped with tungsten carbide (WC) dies and an infrared furnace with four 1000 W lamps (ChambIR E4-D-01-A/ChambIR, Eden Prairie, MN, USA) was used to conduct compression tests under three distinct strain rates of 0.1, 1, and 10/s. The deformation strain was kept constant at 60% in all experiments. The post-process heat treatments were carried out at 1000 °C and 1150 °C for 10 min immediately after the deformation, followed by air cooling to room temperature. These annealing treatments were performed with the aid of a muffle furnace (Thermo Scientific Thermolyne F48028-80/Thermo Scientific, Asheville, NC, USA).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructural Characterization
3.1.1. The 15-5PH Stainless Steel
3.1.2. The M-154 Stainless Steel
3.2. Electro Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA)
3.3. Thermodynamic Simulations
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Grade | C | Mn | Si | Cr | Ni | Mo | Cu | Nb | V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15-5PH | 0.04 | 0.54 | 0.22 | 15.46 | 4.06 | 0.20 | 3.80 | 0.25 | 0.06 |
M-154 | 0.13 | 0.72 | 0.20 | 11.50 | 2.80 | 1.72 | 0.17 | - | 0.3 |
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Bajmalu Rostami, R.; de Souza Ciacco, P.; Viali Muñoz, M.C.; Simoes, L.F.; Garcia, C.I. Influence of High-Temperature Deformation on the Dissolution of δ-Ferrite in Stainless Steels. Metals 2024, 14, 783. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14070783
Bajmalu Rostami R, de Souza Ciacco P, Viali Muñoz MC, Simoes LF, Garcia CI. Influence of High-Temperature Deformation on the Dissolution of δ-Ferrite in Stainless Steels. Metals. 2024; 14(7):783. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14070783
Chicago/Turabian StyleBajmalu Rostami, Rahman, Pedro de Souza Ciacco, Mauricio Claudio Viali Muñoz, Luis Fellipe Simoes, and Calixto Isaac Garcia. 2024. "Influence of High-Temperature Deformation on the Dissolution of δ-Ferrite in Stainless Steels" Metals 14, no. 7: 783. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14070783