The Impact of Welding Parameters on the Welding Strength of High Borosilicate Glass and Aluminum Alloy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Materials
2.2. Experimental Equipment
- Wavelength: 1064 nm
- Pulse width: 0.1–20 ms
- Maximum frequency: 500 Hz
- Maximum power: 300 W
- Spot diameter: 0.2–20 mm
- Cooling system: Thermostatic closed-loop water cooling system
- Worktable travel range: 500 mm × 500 mm
2.3. Experimental Method
- Laser Power
- Pulse Width
- Frequency
- Defocus Amount
3. Experimental Results
3.1. Pre-Welding Surface Preparation
3.2. Impact of Defocus Amount on Welding of High Borosilicate Glass and Aluminum Alloy
3.3. Influence of Power on Welding Strength of Glass and Aluminum Alloy
3.4. Impact of Frequency on Welding Strength of Glass and Aluminum Alloy
3.5. Influence of Pulse Width on the Welding Strength of Glass and Aluminum Alloy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- With the continuous increase in defocusing amount, the shear force test results first increase and then decrease. The welding effect is optimal when the defocusing amount is 0 mm;
- (2)
- As the power increases, the fracture becomes noticeably wider, and the amount of spatter increases significantly. It can also be observed that with the increase in power, the adhesion on the aluminum alloy side gradually increases, while the adhesion on the glass side gradually decreases. The shear force increases with laser power initially but decreases afterward;
- (3)
- As the frequency increases, the morphology of the adhesive on the fracture of the aluminum alloy side gradually changes from large blocks to finer fragments. The increase in frequency causes the glass to be subjected to more energy impacts within the same volume, and excessively high frequency leads to significant heat accumulation. These two factors together result in an increase in the internal stress and number of cracks within the glass;
- (4)
- Increasing the pulse width can significantly enhance the energy during welding, and a higher pulse width allows for longer welding times, which helps to extend the duration of material flow between the molten aluminum alloy and the softened glass. However, when the pulse width is too large, the prolonged duration of energy input causes the aluminum alloy to melt more thoroughly and blend more completely with the glass. However, due to the excessive heat received by the glass and its low thermal expansion coefficient, excessive heat accumulation can cause damage and cracking of the glass.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Al | Si | Cu | Mg | Mn |
---|---|---|---|---|
83.0–85.0 | 11.0–13.0 | 0.2–0.6 | 0.1 | <0.1 |
SiO2 | Al2O3 | CaO | MgO | Na2O |
---|---|---|---|---|
70–73 | 0–3 | 6–12 | 0–4 | 12–16 |
Name | Model | Purpose |
---|---|---|
CNC Wire Cutting Machine | DK7732 | Cutting metal samples |
Ultrasonic Cleaning Machine | LTB-500 | Cleaning samples |
Vacuum Drying Oven | 101-4 | Drying experimental samples |
Nd: YAG | MD-Focus300 | Welding |
Electronic Universal Testing Machine | RGM-4100 | Shear strength testing |
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) | EXCALAB 250 XI | Phase analysis |
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) | EVO18 | Morphological observation and spectroscopy |
Grinding and Polishing Machine | MP-2A | Grinding and polishing samples |
Confocal Colored Electron Microscope | OLS5000-SAF | Observing three-dimensional morphology |
Spectrophotometer | 7230G | Testing absorbance |
Experiment Number | Power | Frequency | Pulse Width | Defocus Amount |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 250 W | 10 Hz | 2.5 ms | −1 |
2 | 250 W | 10 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
3 | 250 W | 10 Hz | 2.5 ms | 1 |
4 | 250 W | 10 Hz | 2.5 ms | 2 |
5 | 150 W | 10 Hz | 1.5 ms | 0 |
6 | 200 W | 10 Hz | 1.5 ms | 0 |
7 | 250 W | 10 Hz | 1.5 ms | 0 |
8 | 300 W | 10 Hz | 1.5 ms | 0 |
9 | 150 W | 10 Hz | 2.0 ms | 0 |
10 | 200 W | 10 Hz | 2.0 ms | 0 |
11 | 250 W | 10 Hz | 2.0 ms | 0 |
12 | 300 W | 10 Hz | 2.0 ms | 0 |
13 | 150 W | 10 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
14 | 200 W | 10 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
15 | 250 W | 10 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
16 | 300 W | 10 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
17 | 200 W | 8 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
18 | 200 W | 10 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
19 | 200 W | 12 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
20 | 200 W | 14 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
21 | 250 W | 8 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
22 | 250 W | 10 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
23 | 250 W | 12 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
24 | 250 W | 14 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
21 | 300 W | 8 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
22 | 300 W | 10 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
23 | 300 W | 12 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
24 | 300 W | 14 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
25 | 200 W | 10 Hz | 1.5 ms | 0 |
26 | 200 W | 10 Hz | 2.0 ms | 0 |
27 | 200 W | 10 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
28 | 200 W | 10 Hz | 3.0 ms | 0 |
29 | 250 W | 10 Hz | 1.5 ms | 0 |
30 | 250 W | 10 Hz | 2.0 ms | 0 |
31 | 250 W | 10 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
32 | 250 W | 10 Hz | 3.0 ms | 0 |
33 | 300 W | 10 Hz | 1.5 ms | 0 |
34 | 300 W | 10 Hz | 2.0 ms | 0 |
35 | 300 W | 10 Hz | 2.5 ms | 0 |
36 | 300 W | 10 Hz | 3.0 ms | 0 |
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Chen, C.; Tang, J.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, W. The Impact of Welding Parameters on the Welding Strength of High Borosilicate Glass and Aluminum Alloy. Metals 2024, 14, 1001. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091001
Chen C, Tang J, Zhang M, Zhang W. The Impact of Welding Parameters on the Welding Strength of High Borosilicate Glass and Aluminum Alloy. Metals. 2024; 14(9):1001. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091001
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Changjun, Jian Tang, Min Zhang, and Wei Zhang. 2024. "The Impact of Welding Parameters on the Welding Strength of High Borosilicate Glass and Aluminum Alloy" Metals 14, no. 9: 1001. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091001