Fatigue Crack Growth Rate of the Long Term Operated Puddle Iron from the Eiffel Bridge
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material Investigations
3. Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Test Results
- Controlled increase of the ΔK amplitude; and
- constant amplitude of the ΔF parameter (force range).
- Registration of F-COD values during proper load cycles;
- splitting of the F-COD line into two parts (i.e., nonlinear and linear) by fitting a first-order polynomial function (with two constants: A0, A1) for the linear part and a second-order polynomial function (with three different constants: B0, B1, and B2) for the nonlinear one; and
- adjustment of the constants of the second-order function by minimizing the sum of squared errors of the prediction squares (or residual sum of squares—RSS).
Fatigue Crack GROWTH Rate Curves for Eiffel Bridge Puddle Iron
4. Mixed-Mode Fatigue Crack Propagation Behaviour (Crack Inclination Angle, α = 30°)
5. Concluding Remarks
- The Paris’ [16] exponent, m (slope of the FCGR curve), for Eiffel Bridge steel is significantly higher than for modern bridge constructional steel, even for the early 20th century steel;
- the observed fatigue crack closure phenomenon strongly influence the kinetics of fatigue crack growth in the tested puddle iron (decreases the Paris’-m exponent and consolidated data from different R-ratios into one curve); and
- under a mixed mode condition (I + II), a significant R-ratio influence was observed.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References and Note
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Investigated Material | C | Mn | Si | P | S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[% by weight] | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.354 | 0.045 |
Measurement | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HV10 | 175 | 167 | 165 | 171 | 170 | 159 | 172 | 162 | 170 | 188 | 170 |
Material | fy [MPa] | fu [MPa] | E [GPa] | A [%] | Z [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eiffel Bridge | 292 | 342 | 193 | 8.1 | 11.6 |
Material | R | Crack Orientation | ΔKapp MPa·m0.5 | ΔKeff MPa·m0.5 | ||
C | m | C | m | |||
0.05 | transversal direction | 8 × 10−21 | 11.105 | 1 × 10−6 | 2.035 | |
0.5 | transversal direction | 1 × 10−19 | 11.439 | 9 × 10−8 | 2.894 |
R | Fmax [N] | Fmin [N] | Number of Cycles to Failure Nf | Initial Fracture Angle [°] | Pre-Crack Length [mm] | Final Crack Length [mm] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.05 | 6500 | 325 | 134,506 | 35.7 | 1.98 | 8.2 |
0.5 | 10,000 | 5000 | 53,411 | 28.9 | 1.49 | 5.58 |
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Lesiuk, G.; Correia, J.A.F.O.; Smolnicki, M.; De Jesus, A.M.P.; Duda, M.; Montenegro, P.A.; Calcada, R.A.B. Fatigue Crack Growth Rate of the Long Term Operated Puddle Iron from the Eiffel Bridge. Metals 2019, 9, 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9010053
Lesiuk G, Correia JAFO, Smolnicki M, De Jesus AMP, Duda M, Montenegro PA, Calcada RAB. Fatigue Crack Growth Rate of the Long Term Operated Puddle Iron from the Eiffel Bridge. Metals. 2019; 9(1):53. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9010053
Chicago/Turabian StyleLesiuk, Grzegorz, José A. F. O. Correia, Michał Smolnicki, Abílio M. P. De Jesus, Monika Duda, Pedro A. Montenegro, and Rui A. B. Calcada. 2019. "Fatigue Crack Growth Rate of the Long Term Operated Puddle Iron from the Eiffel Bridge" Metals 9, no. 1: 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9010053