The Role of Microstructure on Tensile Plastic Behavior of Ductile Iron GJS 400 Produced through Different Cooling Rates, Part I: Microstructure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- a Lynchburg sample with 25 mm diameter; and
- three Y-blocks samples with thickness 25, 50, and 75 mm.
3. Results
3.1. Simulated Cooling Curves
3.2. Microstructure
3.3. EDS Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Labrecque, C.; Gagné, M. Review Ductile Iron: Fifty Years of Continuous Development. Can. Metall. Quart. 1998, 37, 343–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tiedje, N.S. Solidification, Processing and Properties of Ductile Cast Iron. Mater. Sci. Tech. Ser. 2010, 26, 505–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fraś, E.; López, H. Eutectic Cells and Nodule Count—An Index of Molten Iron Quality. Int. J. Metalcast. 2010, 4, 35–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Showman, R.E.; Aufderheide, R. A process for thin-wall sand castings. AFS Trans. 2003, 111, 567–578. [Google Scholar]
- Juretzko, F.R.; Dix, L.P.; Ruxanda, R.; Stefanescu, D.M. Precondition of Ductile Iron Melts for Light Weight Casting: Effect on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure. AFS Trans. 2004, 112, 773–785. [Google Scholar]
- Fraś, E.; López, H.; Podrzucki, C. The Influence of Oxygen on the Inoculation Process of Cast Iron. Int. J. Cast Metal. Res. 2000, 13, 107–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Popescu, M.; Zavadil, R.; Thomson, J.; Sahoo, M. Studies to Improve Nucleation Potential of Ductile Iron When Using Carbidic Ductile Iron Returns. AFS Trans. 2007, 115, 591–608. [Google Scholar]
- Fraś, E.; Górny, M. Fading of inoculation effects in ductile iron. Arch. Foundry Eng. 2008, 8, 83–88. [Google Scholar]
- Fraś, E.; Górny, M.; López, H.F. Eutectic cell and Nodule Count in Cast Iron. Part I. Theoretical Background. ISIJ Int. 2007, 47, 259–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Górny, M.; Tyrała, E. Effect of Cooling Rate on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thin-Walled Ductile Iron Castings. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2013, 22, 300–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- White, D. Production of Ductile Iron Castings. In ASM Handbook, Volume 1A: Cast Iron Science and Technology; ASM International: Materials Park, OH, USA, 2017; pp. 603–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skaland, T.; Grong, O. Nodule Distribution in Ductile Cast Iron. AFS Trans. 1991, 99, 153–157. [Google Scholar]
- Venugopalan, D. Prediction of Matrix Microstructure in Ductile Iron. AFS Trans. 1990, 98, 465–469. [Google Scholar]
- Gerval, V.; Lacaze, J. Critical Temperature Range in Spheroidal Graphite Cast Irons. ISIJ Int. 2000, 40, 386–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Górny, M.; Angella, G.; Tyrała, E.; Kawalec, M.; Paź, S.; Kmita, A. Role of Austenitization Temperature on Structure Homogeneity and Transformation Kinetics in Austempered Ductile Iron. Met. Mater. Int. 2019, 25, 956–965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Donnini, R.; Fabrizi, A.; Bonollo, F.; Zanardi, F.; Angella, G. Assessment of the microstructure evolution of an austempered ductile iron during austempering process through strain hardening analysis. Met. Mater. Int. 2017, 23, 855–864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alhussein, A.; Risbet, M.; Bastien, A.; Chobaut, J.P.; Balloy, D.; Favergeon, J. Influence of silicon and addition elements on the mechanical behaviour of ferritic ductile cast iron. Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. 2014, 605, 222–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lacaze, J.; Boudot, A.; Gerval, A.; Oquab, D.; Santos, H. The Role of Manganese and Copper in Eutectoid Transformation of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 1997, 28, 2015–2025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Angella, G.; Zanardi, F.; Donnini, R. On the significance to use dislocation-density-related constitutive equations to correlate strain hardening with microstructure of metallic alloys: The case of conventional and austempered ductile irons. J. Alloys Compd. 2016, 669, 262–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hütter, G.; Zybell, L.; Kuna, M. Micromechanisms of fracture in nodular cast iron: From experimental findings 466 towards modeling strategies—A review. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2015, 144, 118–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goodrich, G.M. Cast iron microstructure anomalies and their causes. AFS Trans. 1997, 105, 669–683. [Google Scholar]
- Iwabuchi, Y.; Narita, H.; Tsumura, O. Toughness and Ductility of heavy-walled ferritic spheroidal-graphite iron castings. Res. Rep. Kushiro Natl. Coll. 2003, 37, 1–9. [Google Scholar]
- Nilsson, K.F.; Blagoeva, D.; Moretto, P. An experimental and numerical analysis to correlate variation in 472 ductility to defects and microstructure in ductile cast iron components. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2006, 73, 1133–1157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nilsson, K.F.; Vokal, V. Analysis of ductile cast iron tensile tests to relate ductility variation to casting defects 475 and material microstructure. Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. 2009, 502, 54–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Angella, G.; Ripamonti, D.; Górny, M.; Masaggia, S.; Zanardi, F. The role of the microstructure on the tensile plastic behaviour of the ductile iron GJS 400 produced through different cooling rates. Metals 2019, 9, 1019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- EN 1563, Founding – Spheroidal Cast Irons; European Committee for standardization (CEN): Brussels, Belgium, 2018.
- ImageJ 1.51i. Available online: https://imagej.net (accessed on 30 March 2018).
- ASTM E2567-16a, Standard Test Method for Determining Nodularity and Nodule Count in Ductile Iron Using Image Analysis; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2016. [CrossRef]
- ASTM E112-13, Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2013. [CrossRef]
- Neuman, F. The influence of additional elements on the physic-chemical behaviour of carbon in saturated molten iron. In Recent Research on Cast Iron; Gordon and Breach: New York, NY, USA, 1998; pp. 659–705. [Google Scholar]
- Rivera, G.; Boeri, R.; Sikora, J. Influence of the inoculation process, the chemical composition and the cooling rate, on the solidification macro and microstructure of ductile iron. Int. J. Cast Metal. Res. 2003, 16, 23–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fullman, R.L. Measurement of Particle Sizes in Opaque Bodies. Trans. AIME 1953, 197, 447–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wojnar, L.; Kurzydłowski, K.J.; Szala, J. Quantitative Image Analysis [for metallography]. In Metallography and Microstructures; ASM International: Materials Park, OH, USA, 2004; pp. 403–427. [Google Scholar]
- Guo, X.; Stefanescu, D.M. Partitioning of alloying elements during the eutectoid transformation of ductile iron. Int. J. Cast Metal. Res. 1999, 11, 437–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boeri, R.; Weinberg, F. Microsegregation of Alloying Elements in Cast Iron. Int. J. Cast Metal. Res. 1993, 6, 153–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chiniforush, E.A.; Iranipour, N.; Yazdani, S. Effect of nodule count and austempering heat treatment on segregation behavior of alloying elements in ductile cast iron. China Foundry 2016, 13, 217–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
C | Si | Mn | Cu | Ni | Cr | Mg | P | S | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3.63 | 2.45 | 0.129 | 0.133 | 0.0168 | 0.023 | 0.046 | 0.038 | 0.0061 | Bal. |
Mould | Undercooling (°C) | Cooling Rate at Ts 1 (°C/s) | Cooling Rate at Te 2 |
---|---|---|---|
Lynchburg | 11.56 | 1.98 | 0.09 |
Y25mm | 11.39 | 0.56 | 0.11 |
Y50mm | 10.45 | 0.16 | 0.06 |
Y75mm | 9.96 | 0.10 | 0.04 |
Sample | Specimen | Graphite Features | Volume Fractions | Ferrite Grain Size (μm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nodule Count (1/mm2) | Nodularity (%) | Mean Diameter (μm) | Graphite (%) | Ferrite (%) | Pearlite (%) | |||
Lynchburg | 1 | 241 | 85.7 | 24.4 | 13.6 | 86.4 | - | 38.7 |
2 | 256 | 86.5 | 23.9 | 13.2 | 86.7 | - | 34.2 | |
3 | 285 | 90.9 | 23.6 | 13.8 | 86.0 | - | 39.4 | |
4 | 254 | 92.1 | 25.2 | 14.0 | 85.8 | - | 40.8 | |
5 | 261 | 92.8 | 24.6 | 13.5 | 86.5 | - | 32.5 | |
6 | 268 | 90.8 | 24.1 | 13.5 | 86.2 | - | 38.0 | |
Mean | 261 ± 15 | 89.8 ± 3.0 | 24.3 ± 0.6 | 13.6 ± 0.3 | 86.3 ± 0.4 | - | 37.3 ± 3.0 | |
Y 25 mm | 1 | 242 | 91.4 | 24.5 | 12.9 | 83.1 | 4.1 | 43.1 |
2 | 233 | 92.5 | 25.4 | 13.1 | 83.0 | 3.9 | 38.9 | |
3 | 255 | 92.9 | 25.2 | 13.9 | 82.6 | 3.5 | 38.1 | |
4 | 227 | 88.9 | 24.2 | 11.8 | 85.0 | 3.2 | 40.4 | |
5 | 240 | 89.7 | 25.4 | 13.6 | 82.2 | 4.2 | 38.1 | |
6 | 253 | 91.5 | 24.4 | 12.9 | 83.0 | 4.1 | 36.7 | |
Mean | 242 ± 11 | 91.2 ± 1.6 | 24.9 ± 0.5 | 13.0 ± 0.7 | 83.1 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 39.2 ± 2.3 | |
Y 50 mm | 1 | 139 | 88.8 | 30.6 | 11.9 | 84.9 | 3.2 | 50.3 |
2 | 117 | 85.1 | 30.0 | 10.5 | 86.4 | 3.1 | 41.6 | |
3 | 95 | 85.8 | 32.6 | 10.0 | 84.4 | 5.6 | 46.2 | |
4 | 119 | 87.0 | 31.7 | 11.3 | 82.4 | 6.3 | 46.7 | |
5 | 116 | 88.4 | 32.0 | 11.0 | 85.9 | 3.1 | 54.0 | |
6 | 108 | 87.5 | 31.9 | 10.6 | 86.9 | 2.5 | 53.0 | |
Mean | 116 ± 14 | 87.1 ± 1.4 | 31.5 ± 1.0 | 10.9 ± 0.7 | 85.1 ± 1.6 | 4.0 ± 1.6 | 48.6 ± 4.7 | |
Y 75 mm | 1 | 99 | 75.0 | 34.1 | 11.2 | 85.9 | 2.9 | 55.6 |
2 | 97 | 85.8 | 34.6 | 11.6 | 85.1 | 3.3 | 53.7 | |
3 | 103 | 86.0 | 34.9 | 12.2 | 84.2 | 3.6 | 38.2 | |
4 | 98 | 87.3 | 34.7 | 11.3 | 85.5 | 3.2 | 40.8 | |
5 | 120 | 84.4 | 35.0 | 13.9 | 83.1 | 3.0 | 47.6 | |
6 | 110 | 80.9 | 33.6 | 12.3 | 85.6 | 2.1 | 50.3 | |
Mean | 105 ± 9 | 83.2 ± 4.6 | 34.5 ± 0.5 | 12.1 ± 1.0 | 84.9 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 47.7 ± 7.0 |
Sample | Lynchburg | Y 25 mm | Y 50 mm | Y 75 mm |
---|---|---|---|---|
λ (μm) | 136.2 | 144.4 | 243.8 | 242.7 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Angella, G.; Ripamonti, D.; Górny, M.; Masaggia, S.; Zanardi, F. The Role of Microstructure on Tensile Plastic Behavior of Ductile Iron GJS 400 Produced through Different Cooling Rates, Part I: Microstructure. Metals 2019, 9, 1282. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9121282
Angella G, Ripamonti D, Górny M, Masaggia S, Zanardi F. The Role of Microstructure on Tensile Plastic Behavior of Ductile Iron GJS 400 Produced through Different Cooling Rates, Part I: Microstructure. Metals. 2019; 9(12):1282. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9121282
Chicago/Turabian StyleAngella, Giuliano, Dario Ripamonti, Marcin Górny, Stefano Masaggia, and Franco Zanardi. 2019. "The Role of Microstructure on Tensile Plastic Behavior of Ductile Iron GJS 400 Produced through Different Cooling Rates, Part I: Microstructure" Metals 9, no. 12: 1282. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9121282