The Dog that Stopped Barking: Mass Legal Executions in 21st Century America
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. From Then to Now
3. From the Colonial Era through the 19th Century
4. Alternatives to Mass Legal Executions
5. The End of Mass Legal Execution
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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- 2With initial settlements run by the military well before America’s Uniform Code of Military Justice, there were some summary executions earlier ([3], e.g., p. 49). Europeans and American natives periodically killed each other, generally without pretense that crime and punishment were involved. Most Indian tribes lacked anything comparable to due process, with intertribal killing more common than intratribal, where the very few executions would be interpreted by those from a Euro-American tradition as more legislative than judicial in nature. Even if the native Americans had legal executions, until the tribes acted under federal supervision, there were no records or their number or nature.
- 4Even the execution of the Rosenbergs was dubious legally, since their “wartime” espionage was not for the enemy but for an ally, the Soviet Union.
- 5There is one more theoretically possible mass legal execution. In Texas, seven escaped convicts, during a robbery spree, murdered a police officer on Christmas eve while they were robbing a big-box store. One convict died prior to arrest, but the other six were tried and sentenced to death. The actual killer has been executed, preceded by a member of the gang who believed he deserved execution and ceased appeals. In theory, if two of the remaining four under sentence of death are executed, there will be a mass execution, but we do not really expect that to happen [10]. What is more surprising than that six men were sentenced to death is that more than one has actually been executed. The execution of the non-triggerman was unusual, even for Texas, and probably only occurred because he decided he deserved execution and wanted it to happen. The result was that his death actually preceded that of the actual murderer.
- 6The sequence was lynching for a variety of real and imaginary offenses, with about seven percent of those involving mass illegal executions ([7], p. 274).
- 7There was reportedly but one execution for witchcraft in the 18th century, and there is some reason to suspect the report was erroneous in some ways, if not all [4,5]. A black male slave was reported burned to death for witchcraft in Illinois, southwest of St. Louis, shortly after Illinois was taken over by Americans from the British, but before it was organized as a territory. It is, by over 20 years, the first execution reported in Illinois. Giving credibility to the facts are that the execution was reportedly by military authority; the manner of execution, burning, had been a common form of punishment of European witches, but was not used in America, where it was largely reserved for special punishment of slaves. Moreover, most witches were women. It is possible that the execution took place but that there were some coding errors in the Espy File (place, sex, crime—for example, the code for witchcraft is 09 while that for slave revolt is 08), or it may have been recorded accurately, or it may not have occurred at all.
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Blackman, P.H.; McLaughlin, V. The Dog that Stopped Barking: Mass Legal Executions in 21st Century America. Laws 2014, 3, 153-162. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws3010153
Blackman PH, McLaughlin V. The Dog that Stopped Barking: Mass Legal Executions in 21st Century America. Laws. 2014; 3(1):153-162. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws3010153
Chicago/Turabian StyleBlackman, Paul H., and Vance McLaughlin. 2014. "The Dog that Stopped Barking: Mass Legal Executions in 21st Century America" Laws 3, no. 1: 153-162. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws3010153