Old Dumped Fly Ash as a Sand Replacement in Cement Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Testing Methods
3. Results
3.1. Old Dumped Fly Ash Tests
3.2. Cement Composite Tests
3.2.1. Compressive Strength before and after Seawater Attack
3.2.2. Density
3.2.3. Water Absorption
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
- Large amounts of ODFA and a limited amount of cement were used in composites. The quantity of ODFA was, respectively, 240% and 360% of the cement mass used. Such volumes of this specific kind of FA are not used for the production of cement composites. This problem has also been virtually unaddressed in the research.
- With the usage of ODFA as a partial replacement of sand (20%–30%), it is possible to obtain the assumed technological properties of cement composites and limit the onerousness of this unwanted waste for the environment to a great degree. This is reasonable, but only with the addition of Ca(OH)2.
- Composites with additives of different quantities of Ca(OH)2 (2%, 4%, 6%) had considerably higher compressive strength than composites with the same quantity of cement and ODFA but without Ca(OH)2.
- The samples with ODFA, but without Ca(OH)2, obtained significantly lower compressive strengths (on average by ca. 2 MPa), both before and after the attack, compared to the samples with ODFA and Ca(OH)2.
- The samples with ODFA and Ca(OH)2 reached the compressive strength of 4.9–6.2 MPa before seawater attack and 3.07–3.85 MPa after it.
- Although ODFA did not meet the requirements of the PN-EN 450-1 standard pertaining to FA for production of concrete, their presence did not lead to a higher destruction in aggressive solutions than in composites made from traditional raw materials.
- Ash concretes are applied in road building and for construction of foundations with compressive strengths from 1.5 to 8 MPa. Composites with ODFA and Ca(OH)2 as an activator can be applied for construction of town district road foundations and bike paths of the compressive strength class C3/4. Moreover, they can be used for foundations subjected to application of de-icing agents.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics |
---|---|
Natural sand with grain size of 0–2 mm obtained from Eco-Ter in Kronowo (Poland) gravel pit | The petrographic composition of sand was classified according to the PN-EN 932-3:1999 standard [44]. The sand contained 80.9% of quartz, chalcedony and opal, 12.5% of magma and metamorphic rocks and 6.6% of sedimentary rocks. The alkaline reactivity was 0. |
ODFA obtained from Michelin S.A. Company (Poland) | The loss of ignition of ca. 15% classified according to the PN-EN 196-2:2013-11 standard [45], granulation containing ca. 20% of the up to 0.045 mm fraction, yet not containing unbound calcium. |
CEM I-32, 5R Portland cement obtained from the Ożarów cement plant (Poland) | The Portland cement was classified according to the PN-EN 197-1:2012 standard [46]. |
Hydrated lime obtained from Natura production facility (Poland) | The lime was classified according to the PN-EN 459-1:2015-06 standard [47]. Its content was CaO + MgO 95.2%, MgO 0.7%, CO2 1.8%, Ca(OH)2 91.4%, SO3 0.1%, H2O 0.8%. |
Seawater solution | Composition of seawater solution consisted of (in 1 dm3) 30.1 g NaCl, 6.0 g MgCl2, 5.0 g MgSO4, 1.5 g CaSO4, 0.2 g KHCO3 (p.a.), according to [29]. |
Distilled water | - |
Series | Cement (kg/m3) | Sand (kg/m3) | ODFA (kg/m3) | Water (kg/m3) | Ca(OH)2 (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 * | 136.3 | 1639.0 | - | 267.1 | - |
2H0 | 132.9 | 1288.4 | 319.1 | 307.3 | - |
2H2 | 130.2 | 1250.2 | 312.5 | 306.8 | 6.3 |
2H4 | 124.7 | 1196.9 | 299.2 | 299.2 | 12.0 |
2H6 | 120.3 | 1155.6 | 288.9 | 294.3 | 17.3 |
3H0 | 132.3 | 1111.8 | 476.4 | 329.4 | - |
3H2 | 129.0 | 1083.9 | 464.5 | 326.9 | 9.3 |
3H4 | 127.1 | 1067.9 | 457.7 | 327.7 | 18.3 |
3H6 | 123.0 | 1065.7 | 442.7 | 322.4 | 26.6 |
Oxide | Content (%) |
---|---|
SiO2 | 40.46 |
Al2O3 | 25.00 |
Fe2O3 | 10.21 |
CaO | 9.81 |
MgO | 2.44 |
SO3 | 0.25 |
K2O | 0.26 |
Na2O | 0.49 |
P2O5 | 0.21 |
TiO2 | 1.21 |
MnO | 0.15 |
SrO | 0.04 |
Compressive Strength (MPa) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Series | 28 Days in a Moisture Chamber | 28 + 120 Days in a Moisture Chamber | 28 + 120 Days in Distilled Water | 28 + 120 Days in Seawater |
0 | 1.85 | 1.95 | 2.02 | 1.68 |
2H0 | 1.90 | 2.20 | 2.20 | 2.05 |
2H2 | 3.62 | 4.90 | 3.50 | 3.07 |
2H4 | 4.21 | 5.40 | 3.65 | 3.12 |
2H6 | 4.34 | 5.25 | 3.44 | 3.85 |
3H0 | 2.00 | 2.20 | 2.25 | 2.20 |
3H2 | 3.90 | 5.72 | 3.06 | 3.50 |
3H4 | 5.00 | 6.20 | 3.56 | 3.72 |
3H6 | 5.07 | 5.90 | 3.78 | 3.63 |
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Harasymiuk, J.; Rudziński, A. Old Dumped Fly Ash as a Sand Replacement in Cement Composites. Buildings 2020, 10, 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10040067
Harasymiuk J, Rudziński A. Old Dumped Fly Ash as a Sand Replacement in Cement Composites. Buildings. 2020; 10(4):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10040067
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarasymiuk, Jolanta, and Andrzej Rudziński. 2020. "Old Dumped Fly Ash as a Sand Replacement in Cement Composites" Buildings 10, no. 4: 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10040067