Buildings

41 pages, 3605 KB

Open AccessArticle

Overview of Intelligent Technology Applications in Open-Cut Tunnel Construction

by Yifei Ji, Zhongsheng Tan, Li Liao, Dehua Zhang and Zhenliang Zhou

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3704; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203704 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Based on the open-cut tunnel project of Xiong’an New Area in Xiongxin High-speed Railway, this paper studies open-cut tunnel intelligent construction to address low efficiency, difficult quality control and many hidden dangers in traditional construction. After sorting out relevant research, it builds a [...] Read more.

Based on the open-cut tunnel project of Xiong’an New Area in Xiongxin High-speed Railway, this paper studies open-cut tunnel intelligent construction to address low efficiency, difficult quality control and many hidden dangers in traditional construction. After sorting out relevant research, it builds a whole-process modular intelligent construction system (including three construction modules and digital twin and remote control module) based on construction processes, proposes four core technologies, develops supporting intelligent equipment like arc vibration beam, and realizes whole-process control with digital twins. The research forms a closed loop, integrating technology, equipment and digital chain, improves efficiency and quality, and provides a reference for open-cut tunnel intelligent construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

22 pages, 6125 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sensitivity Analysis of Envelope Design for Rural Dwellings in Cold Regions of China: An Orthogonal Experiment-Based Approach

by Yuechen Duan, Tao Zhang, Yuhang Yang, Yuanyuan Wei, Zhuangqing Jiao and Weijun Gao

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3703; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203703 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

To improve the energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality of rural dwellings in China’s cold regions, this study selected a typical rural dwelling in Linyi, Shandong Province, as a case study. Integrating field measurements with parametric simulations, the Orthogonal Experimental Design method was [...] Read more.

To improve the energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality of rural dwellings in China’s cold regions, this study selected a typical rural dwelling in Linyi, Shandong Province, as a case study. Integrating field measurements with parametric simulations, the Orthogonal Experimental Design method was employed to systematically evaluate the impacts of 12 envelope design parameters on building energy demand (ED_tot, ED_H, ED_C), thermal comfort (PNT_ave), daylight performance (UDI_ave), and economic outcomes (retrofit cost and return on investment, ROI). Three sets of orthogonal experiments with varying value ranges (Case 1–3) were conducted. The results revealed that U-Window and SHGC are the most critical factors influencing energy demand and thermal comfort, while light transmittance (Trans) exerts the greatest influence on daylighting. The economic analysis demonstrated that window material is the primary determinant of retrofit costs, whereas building depth and the south window-to-wall ratio (WWR-South) significantly affect ROI. Additional range and variance analyses quantified the significance of each parameter and revealed nonlinear influence patterns. This research provides data support and decision-making references for the energy-efficient retrofit and multi-objective optimization of rural dwellings in cold regions, offering strong practical implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Evaluated Luminous Environment on the Comfort Level in Buildings)

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19 pages, 3371 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning-Based Reconstruction of Vibration Sensor Data for Structural Health Monitoring: A Case Study

by Thuc V. Ngo, Nga T. T. Nguyen, José C. Matos, Huyen T. Dang and Son N. Dang

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3702; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203702 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Monitoring the condition of existing structures remains one of the most pressing challenges within the construction industry. Structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques have proven increasingly effective in this regard; however, maintaining and archiving complete lifecycle data for such structures remains costly. Data acquisition [...] Read more.

Monitoring the condition of existing structures remains one of the most pressing challenges within the construction industry. Structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques have proven increasingly effective in this regard; however, maintaining and archiving complete lifecycle data for such structures remains costly. Data acquisition is particularly critical, as the SHM system relies upon this information to analyse and evaluate structural behaviour. Nonetheless, a range of challenges—such as environmental influences, sensor malfunction, and transmission failures—can lead to data corruption or loss. These issues compromise the reliability of the dataset, necessitating either data reconstruction or additional measurement campaigns, both of which are resource-intensive. This study proposes the use of a long short-term memory (LSTM) network to reconstruct missing or corrupted data. A complete dataset collected from an actual construction project is employed to train the network. Data loss scenarios are then simulated, including single-channel (loss from one sensor) and multi-channel (loss from multiple sensors) cases. The trained LSTM model is subsequently applied to reconstruct the missing data. A case study on a real bridge demonstrates that the reconstructed data show strong agreement with the original measurements in both the time and frequency domains. These findings indicate that the proposed approach has the potential to support engineers in conserving resources by reducing the need for costly and time-consuming additional measurement interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Structural Health Monitoring)

48 pages, 2294 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Evolution of Risk Analysis Approaches in Construction Disasters: A Systematic Review of Construction Accidents from 2010 to 2025

by Elias Medaa, Ali Akbar Shirzadi Javid and Hassan Malekitabar

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3701; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203701 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Structural collapses are a major threat to urban safety and infrastructure resilience and as such there is growing research interest in understanding the causes and improving the prediction of risk to prevent human and material losses. Whether caused by fires, earthquakes or progressive [...] Read more.

Structural collapses are a major threat to urban safety and infrastructure resilience and as such there is growing research interest in understanding the causes and improving the prediction of risk to prevent human and material losses. Whether caused by fires, earthquakes or progressive failures due to overloads and displacements, these events have been the focus of investigation over the past 15 years. This systematic literature review looks at the use of formal risk analysis models in structural failures between 2010 and 2025 to map methodological trends, assess model effectiveness and identify future research pathways. From an initial database of 139 documented collapse incidents, only 42 were investigated using structured risk analysis frameworks. A systematic screening of 417 related publications yielded 101 peer-reviewed studies that met our inclusion criteria—specifically, the application of a formal analytical model. This discrepancy highlights a significant gap between the occurrence of structural failures and the use of rigorous, model-based investigation methods. The review shows a clear shift from single-method approaches (e.g., Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) or Finite Element Analysis (FEA)) to hybrid, integrated models that combine computational, qualitative and data-driven techniques. This reflects the growing recognition of structural failures as socio-technical phenomena that require multi-methodological analysis. A key contribution is the development of a strategic framework that classifies models by complexity, data requirements and cost based on patterns observed across the reviewed papers. This framework can be used as a practical decision support tool for researchers and practitioners to select the right model for the context and highlight the strengths and limitations of the existing approaches. The findings show that the future of structural safety is not about one single “best” model but about intelligent integration of complementary context-specific methods. This review will inform future practice by showing how different models can be combined to improve the depth, accuracy and applicability of structural failure investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Performance-Based Risk Assessment and Bio-Composite Applications for Disaster-Resilient Structures)

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25 pages, 29780 KB

Open AccessArticle

Composite Ecological–Heritage–Recreation Corridors for Social Sustainability: A Regional Framework in the Qinling–Daba Mountains

by Tianshu Chu, Chenchen Liu and Zhe Li

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3700; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203700 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Urban–rural mountainous regions face persistent challenges in reconciling ecological conservation, cultural heritage preservation, and recreational demands, all of which are vital to advancing social sustainability. This study develops an integrated corridor framework for the Qinling–Daba region that couples ecological, heritage, and recreational networks [...] Read more.

Urban–rural mountainous regions face persistent challenges in reconciling ecological conservation, cultural heritage preservation, and recreational demands, all of which are vital to advancing social sustainability. This study develops an integrated corridor framework for the Qinling–Daba region that couples ecological, heritage, and recreational networks within a socially sustainable planning perspective. Ecological sources were identified using Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) combined with connectivity indices (IIC, PC, dPC). Heritage and recreation resources were inventoried through field surveys and prioritized using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Function-specific corridors were modelled with a Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) approach, and the three networks were synthesized through GIS overlay and hotspot analysis. The results indicate that there are 19 ecological sources and 28 corridors, 34 heritage nodes and 41 corridors, and 29 recreation nodes and 50 corridors. The composite network comprises 69 key nodes and 141 segments, classified into four node categories and three corridor types. Derived planning directives include graded buffer zones, continuity of riparian and forest belts, remediation of breakpoints with wildlife-friendly crossings, and universal accessibility standards for high-demand sites. By aligning ecological integrity, cultural values, and equitable access, the proposed framework offers a reproducible pathway to integrate people and places through multifunctional corridors. Beyond regional application, this research provides transferable insights for socially sustainable governance of urban–rural built environments in mountainous territories, supporting the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 11. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Promoting the Social Sustainability of Urban Neighbourhoods)

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24 pages, 3003 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mud Spurt Distance and Filter Cake Hydraulic Conductivity of Slurry Shield

by Xinsheng Yin, Yanhua Zhu, Gang Wei, Yunliang Cui and Zhi Ding

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3699; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203699 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Maintaining stable tunnel face pressure in slurry shield tunneling is critically dependent on the formation of a low-permeability filter cake. However, the knowledge of the filter cake and mud spurt is not specifically understood. Using a modified fluid loss test, this study investigates [...] Read more.

Maintaining stable tunnel face pressure in slurry shield tunneling is critically dependent on the formation of a low-permeability filter cake. However, the knowledge of the filter cake and mud spurt is not specifically understood. Using a modified fluid loss test, this study investigates the formation and hydraulic properties of filter cakes from various slurry mixtures under different pressures. The key findings reveal that CMC-Na (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) serves as the most effective additive for enhancing slurry performance. A comprehensive database of constitutive model parameters for 15 slurry compositions was established, enabling precise prediction of the filter cake’s hydraulic conductivity and void ratio under any pressure. Analysis of the cyclic formation process revealed that the dynamic filter cake averages two-thirds of the maximum thickness, offering a key parameter for stability control. Furthermore, a practical mud spurt model was proposed that predicts slurry penetration by avoiding the need for site-specific empirical constants or complex column tests, relying instead on standard geotechnical and slurry parameters. The results provide practical criteria for filter cake formation and directly applicable models to optimize slurry design, thereby enhancing the control and safety of shield tunneling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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18 pages, 3486 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid POA-VMD–Attention-BiLSTM Model for Deformation Prediction of Concrete Dams and Buildings

by Zeju Zhao, Chunhui Fang, Xue Wang, Meng Yang, Huaijun Zhang, Zhengfei Xu, Guoqiang Ding, Sijing Song and Jinyou Li

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3698; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203698 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

To improve the accuracy of deformation prediction in concrete buildings and large-scale infrastructures such as dams, this study proposes an Attention-BiLSTM model integrated with a parameter-optimized Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD). Specifically, the Pelican Optimization Algorithm (POA) is employed to optimize VMD parameters, enhancing [...] Read more.

To improve the accuracy of deformation prediction in concrete buildings and large-scale infrastructures such as dams, this study proposes an Attention-BiLSTM model integrated with a parameter-optimized Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD). Specifically, the Pelican Optimization Algorithm (POA) is employed to optimize VMD parameters, enhancing signal decomposition efficiency for structural deformation time series. The optimized VMD is then coupled with a BiLSTM network embedded with an attention mechanism, forming a hybrid prediction framework that captures both temporal dependencies and key feature weights in monitoring data. Using three sets of engineering-measured deformation datasets, the proposed model is validated through comparative analyses with conventional single models (e.g., standalone BiLSTM and VMD-BiLSTM without attention). Results demonstrate that the developed model achieves superior accuracy and stability, significantly outperforming all comparative methods, with the highest R² reaching 0.996, while reducing MAE and RMSE by over 60% and 30%, respectively. Quantitative evaluation indicators (e.g., RMSE, MAE, and R²) confirm that the approach effectively captures both short-term fluctuations and long-term trends of structural deformation. These findings verify its reliability and applicability for intelligent safety monitoring of concrete buildings and infrastructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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15 pages, 7152 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Model I Fracture in Tunnel Blasting Sections with Holes

by Ruifeng Liu, Yumei Du, Meng Li and Bang Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3697; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203697 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

In rock blasting for engineering applications—such as quarrying and tunnel construction—blasting is often detonated in carefully timed sequences to optimize rock fragmentation. This study examines Model I crack propagation in tunnel blasting sections with empty holes using circular PMMA (Polymethyl Methacrylate) samples containing [...] Read more.

In rock blasting for engineering applications—such as quarrying and tunnel construction—blasting is often detonated in carefully timed sequences to optimize rock fragmentation. This study examines Model I crack propagation in tunnel blasting sections with empty holes using circular PMMA (Polymethyl Methacrylate) samples containing pre-made initial cracks and empty holes. The distance between holes was varied from 10 mm to 30 mm. Using AUTODYN V18.0 numerical simulation software, how these holes affect crack initiation, propagation, and the surrounding stress field were analyzed. Key findings include the following: (a) Blasting stress waves diffract and reflect off empty hole edges, creating overlapping pressure zones between adjacent empty holes. Within a critical range of the empty hole distance, wider hole distance leads to slower stress wave propagation due to increased dispersion. (b) The empty holes weaken the stress concentration at crack tips, with greater distance further reducing peak strength. Proximal crack tips experience more pronounced stress field alterations than distal ones. (c) Holes hinder crack initiation, with the required stress intensity factor rising in near-linear proportion to hole separation distance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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1 pages, 124 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Ahmadianroohbakhsh et al. Approximating Helical Pile Pullout Resistance Using Metaheuristic-Enabled Fuzzy Hybrids. Buildings 2023, 13, 347

by Mohammadmehdi Ahmadianroohbakhsh, Farzad Fahool, Mohammad Sadegh Saffari Pour, S. Farid F. Mojtahedi, Behnam Ghorbanirezaei and Moncef L. Nehdi

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3696; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203696 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

In the published publication [...] Full article

17 pages, 3831 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Level Loess Slope Displacement Calculation Based on Lumped Mass Method

by Bo Liu, Shuaihua Ye, Jingbang Li and Weina Ye

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3695; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203695 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Earthquakes are highly unpredictable and often lead to secondary disasters such as slope collapses, landslides, and debris flows, posing serious threats to human life and property. To explore how multi-stage loess slopes respond to seismic loading, improve both the efficiency and precision of [...] Read more.

Earthquakes are highly unpredictable and often lead to secondary disasters such as slope collapses, landslides, and debris flows, posing serious threats to human life and property. To explore how multi-stage loess slopes respond to seismic loading, improve both the efficiency and precision of seismic analysis, and better capture the random characteristics of earthquakes in reliability assessment, this research proposes a new analytical framework. The approach adopts the pseudo-dynamic method, divides the slope soil into layers through the lumped mass scheme, and applies the Newmark-β integration method to construct a displacement response model that incorporates seismic variability. By comparing and analyzing results from Geo-Studio finite element simulations, the study reveals the dynamic response behavior of multi-level loess slopes subjected to seismic loads. The key findings are as follows: (1) The formation of unloading platforms introduces a graded energy dissipation effect that significantly reduces stress concentration along potential sliding surfaces; (2) The combined influence of the additional vertical load from the overlying soil and the presence of double free faces has a notable effect on the stability of secondary slopes; (3) The peak displacement response exhibits a nonlinear relationship with slope height, initially increasing and then decreasing. The proposed improved analysis method demonstrates clear advantages over traditional approaches in terms of computational efficiency and accuracy, and provides a valuable theoretical basis for the seismic design of high loess slopes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil–Structure Interactions for Civil Infrastructure)

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27 pages, 5968 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Scale, Enclosure, and Material Impacts on Micro-Housing Perception: Multimodal Physiological Evidence

by Ping Shu, Jiawei Wang, Lijun Wang, Dengjun Ren and Zihua Jin

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3694; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203694 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Micro-housing has gained prominence as a sustainable urban residential solution, yet the impact of its spatial design on occupants’ perceptual and physiological responses remains underexplored. This study employs a multimodal approach to investigate how three key spatial elements—spatial scale (SS), window-to-wall ratio (WWR), [...] Read more.

Micro-housing has gained prominence as a sustainable urban residential solution, yet the impact of its spatial design on occupants’ perceptual and physiological responses remains underexplored. This study employs a multimodal approach to investigate how three key spatial elements—spatial scale (SS), window-to-wall ratio (WWR), and interface material (IM)—influence human perception in micro-housing environments. A full-factorial experimental design with 12 distinct conditions was implemented in a controlled laboratory setting. We collected both subjective evaluations and multimodal physiological data—including electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), skin conductance (SC), and blood volume pulse (BVP)—from 30 participants. Subjective results indicate that all three spatial elements significantly affect spatial perception and overall comfort, with the influence hierarchy being SS > WWR > IM. Notably, a compensatory effect was observed: increasing the WWR enhanced the perceived spatial area, particularly in mid-sized spaces. Physiologically, SS significantly influenced SC, WWR affected the EEG beta power ratio (BR), and IM impacted the EEG alpha/beta (A/B) ratio, corroborating the subjective findings. Interaction effects were also identified: SS interacted with WWR in area evaluation, and with IM in both area and window size evaluations. This study provides empirical evidence that spatial form elements directly and interactively shape human perception, offering practical insights for enhancing livability in micro-housing through design optimization. The integration of subjective and physiological metrics also establishes a robust methodological framework for future research on human-centered spatial design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human-Centric Architectural Design: Neuroarchitecture as a New Tool to Shape Futureproof Inclusive Buildings)

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19 pages, 1838 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid Optimization Method for Rebar Cutting in Structural Reinforcement

by Jindong Zhang, Xiaoming Chen and Fanghong Lv

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3693; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203693 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

With the growing application of digital technologies in construction, reinforcement detailing and cutting are becoming increasingly refined. However, existing cutting methods struggle to meet the dual requirements of low waste and high computational efficiency when facing diverse rebar types, multiple splice points, and [...] Read more.

With the growing application of digital technologies in construction, reinforcement detailing and cutting are becoming increasingly refined. However, existing cutting methods struggle to meet the dual requirements of low waste and high computational efficiency when facing diverse rebar types, multiple splice points, and complex constraints. This paper proposes a hybrid optimization algorithm for large-scale rebar cutting that achieves efficient joint optimization of splice positions and cutting schemes. Numerical simulations verify the performance of the proposed algorithm under normal and uniform length distributions, with comparisons against traditional methods. Results show that the proposed method maintains the waste ratio below 1% for large-scale numerical datasets while achieving much higher computational efficiency than heuristic algorithms with good stability and scalability. Two engineering examples further validate this approach. In column longitudinal reinforcement, the waste ratio in each story was kept below 1%, and in precast bridge segmental beams, the method flexibly incorporated customized raw rebar lengths, reducing the waste ratio to as low as 0.4%. The proposed method effectively balances material utilization and cutting efficiency, offering a practical solution for intelligent rebar cutting across a wide range of components and construction scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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32 pages, 9478 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation Study on the Energy Benefits and Environmental Impacts of BIPV Installation Configurations and Positions at the Street Canyon Scale

by Minghua Huang, Kuan Chen, Fangxiong Wang and Junhui Liao

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3692; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203692 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems play a pivotal role in advancing low-carbon urban transformation. However, replacing conventional building envelope materials with photovoltaic (PV) panels modifies heat transfer processes and airflow patterns, potentially influencing urban environmental quality. This study examines the impacts of BIPV on [...] Read more.

Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems play a pivotal role in advancing low-carbon urban transformation. However, replacing conventional building envelope materials with photovoltaic (PV) panels modifies heat transfer processes and airflow patterns, potentially influencing urban environmental quality. This study examines the impacts of BIPV on building energy efficiency, PV system performance, and street canyon micro-climates, including airflow, temperature distribution, and pollutant dispersion, under perpendicular wind speeds ranging from 0.5 to 4 m/s, across three installation configurations and three installation positions. Results indicate that rooftop PV panels outperform facade-mounted systems in power generation. Ventilated PV configurations achieve optimal energy production and thermal insulation, thereby reducing building cooling loads and associated electricity consumption. Moreover, BIPV installations enhance street canyon ventilation, improving pollutant removal rates: ventilation rates increased by 1.43 times (rooftop), 3.02 times (leeward facade), and 2.09 times (windward facade) at 0.5 m/s. Correspondingly, canyon-averaged pollutant concentrations decreased by 30.1%, 87.7%, and 85.9%, respectively. However, the introduction of facade PV panels locally reduces pedestrian thermal comfort, particularly under low wind conditions, but this negative effect is significantly alleviated with increasing wind speed. To quantitatively evaluate BIPV-induced micro-climatic impacts, this study introduces the Pollutant-Weighted Air Exchange Rate (PACH)—a metric that weights the air exchange rate by pollutant concentration—providing a more precise indicator for evaluating micro-environmental changes. These findings offer quantitative evidence to guide urban-scale BIPV deployment, supporting the integration of renewable energy systems into sustainable urban design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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Graphical abstract

23 pages, 7146 KB

Open AccessArticle

Creep Performance and Viscoelastic Constitutive Relationship of Structural Acrylic Connected Using Bulk Polymerization Technique

by Zongyi Wang, Yuhao Liu, Bailun Zhang, Yuanqing Wang, Jianxia Xiao, Wei Cheng, Ming Huang and Yulong Song

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3691; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203691 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Acrylic is increasingly being used in structural engineering applications due to its characteristics of light weight, capability of bulk polymerization, and absence of self-destruction risk, compared to tempered glass. However, structural acrylic exhibits creep behavior when subjected to prolonged loading. In order to [...] Read more.

Acrylic is increasingly being used in structural engineering applications due to its characteristics of light weight, capability of bulk polymerization, and absence of self-destruction risk, compared to tempered glass. However, structural acrylic exhibits creep behavior when subjected to prolonged loading. In order to study the creep performance of structural acrylic base material and coupons connected using the bulk polymerization technique, short-term tensile tests and long-term creep tests were conducted, and the effect of annealing temperature controlled in the bulk polymerization process was considered. The results show that annealing temperature significantly affects the quality of bulk polymerization. The Burgers model accurately describes the viscoelastic behavior of acrylic, and the Prony series converted from the parameters in the Burgers model can be directly implemented in Abaqus and accurately simulates the creep behavior of acrylic. The equation proposed in this study, on the basis of the Findley model, is precise enough to predict the creep curves of acrylic base material and connecting coupons. The Time–Stress Superposition Principle is valid when the time is greater than the threshold value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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18 pages, 2134 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Echo Interference on Speech Intelligibility in Extra-Large Spaces

by Wenkai Wang, Hui Ma, Chao Wang, Siyang Dong, Wenlin Hu and Bin He

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3690; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203690 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

In extra-large spaces, the varying distances between distributed loudspeakers and listeners lead to sound delays in the loudspeakers’ concentrated projection areas. When combined with the inherent long-delay reflected sounds in those spaces, this dual effect exacerbates the echo problems and poses challenges to [...] Read more.

In extra-large spaces, the varying distances between distributed loudspeakers and listeners lead to sound delays in the loudspeakers’ concentrated projection areas. When combined with the inherent long-delay reflected sounds in those spaces, this dual effect exacerbates the echo problems and poses challenges to maintaining speech intelligibility. To explore the influence mechanism of echo interference on speech intelligibility in extra-large spaces, a questionnaire survey was carried out in two representative extra-large buildings, and then listening experiments were conducted in the laboratory under different echo conditions and impulse characteristics. The results highlighted that (1) apparent echo problems existed in extra-large spaces and severely affected speech intelligibility; (2) the echo phenomenon can be classified into three groups—no echo (0 ms), short delay (100 or 200 ms), and long delay (≥300 ms)—with the detrimental effect on intelligibility increasing across the groups; and (3) a curve was established to describe the relationship between speech intelligibility and STI in extra-large spaces, and compared with the standard curve, the STI thresholds require further adjustment. These findings indicate that echoes in extra-large spaces significantly impair speech intelligibility and reduce the accuracy of its prediction, and therefore should not be neglected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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23 pages, 4014 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Shotcrete for Underground Mines

by Feng Zhou, Baisheng Zhang, Yuewen Pan and Yafei Zhou

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3689; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203689 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

In underground mine roadways, enlarged cross-sections have led to escalating surrounding rock stress, resulting in frequent support failures, elevated accident risk, and increased maintenance costs. However, the potential of fiber reinforcement to improve shotcrete under these high-stress conditions remains under-investigated. To address these [...] Read more.

In underground mine roadways, enlarged cross-sections have led to escalating surrounding rock stress, resulting in frequent support failures, elevated accident risk, and increased maintenance costs. However, the potential of fiber reinforcement to improve shotcrete under these high-stress conditions remains under-investigated. To address these issues, this study developed a novel fiber-reinforced cement-based composite using field construction-grade washed sand. The effects of binder-to-material ratios, fiber types (polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polypropylene (PP), and basalt (BF)), and fiber dosages (1%, 2%, and 3%) were systematically investigated under uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression, and variable-angle shear. Based on the experimental results, an optimal mix formulation was determined via orthogonal experimental design to meet mining operational requirements. The findings demonstrate that fiber incorporation significantly enhances mechanical performance. Notably, PP fiber reinforcement increased the tensile strength by up to 675%, while BF fibers improved compressive strength by up to 198.5%, relative to unreinforced shotcrete. This study provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing fiber-reinforced shotcrete mix designs for mining and offers technical insights for field applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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21 pages, 5240 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Settlement Forecasting of Surrounding Buildings During Deep Foundation Pit Excavation Using GWO-VMD-LSTM

by Huan Yin, Chuang He and Huafeng Shan

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3688; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203688 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

In the context of deep foundation pit excavation, the settlement of surrounding buildings is a critical indicator for safety assessment and early warning. Due to the non-stationary and nonlinear characteristics of settlement data, traditional prediction approaches often fail to achieve satisfactory accuracy. To [...] Read more.

In the context of deep foundation pit excavation, the settlement of surrounding buildings is a critical indicator for safety assessment and early warning. Due to the non-stationary and nonlinear characteristics of settlement data, traditional prediction approaches often fail to achieve satisfactory accuracy. To address this challenge, this study proposes a hybrid prediction model integrating the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, referred to as the GWO-VMD-LSTM model. In the proposed framework, GWO is employed to optimize the key hyperparameters of VMD as well as LSTM, thereby ensuring robust decomposition and prediction performance. Experimental results based on settlement monitoring data from four typical points around the Yongning Hospital foundation pit in Taizhou, China, demonstrate that the proposed model achieves superior predictive accuracy compared with five benchmark models. Specifically, the GWO-VMD-LSTM model attained an average coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.951, mean squared error (MSE) of 0.002, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.033 mm, mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.031 mm, and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 1.324%, outperforming all alternatives. For instance, compared with the VMD-LSTM model, the proposed method improved R² by 26.56% and reduced MAPE by 45.87%. These findings confirm that the GWO-VMD-LSTM model not only enhances the accuracy and generalization of settlement prediction but also provides a reliable and practical tool for real-time monitoring and risk assessment of buildings adjacent to deep foundation pits in soft soil regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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22 pages, 497 KB

Open AccessArticle

Trauma-Informed and Healing Architecture in Young People’s Correctional Facilities: A Comparative Case Study on Design, Well-Being, and Reintegration

by Nadereh Afzhool and Ayten Özsavaş Akçay

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3687; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203687 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigates how trauma-informed and healing-centred architectural design is associated with rehabilitation and reintegration outcomes in young people’s correctional facilities. Drawing on international case studies, the analysis demonstrates that architecture is not a neutral backdrop but a contributing determinant within broader justice [...] Read more.

This study investigates how trauma-informed and healing-centred architectural design is associated with rehabilitation and reintegration outcomes in young people’s correctional facilities. Drawing on international case studies, the analysis demonstrates that architecture is not a neutral backdrop but a contributing determinant within broader justice ecosystems. Trauma-informed environments are consistently linked to reductions in re-traumatisation and improvements in emotional regulation, while small-scale, community-oriented facilities are associated with enhanced skill development, autonomy, and reintegration potential. Culturally responsive designs that incorporate Indigenous practices and symbolic architecture are observed to support identity, resilience, and community belonging, underscoring the importance of cultural continuity in rehabilitation processes. In parallel, sustainable features such as biophilic design, renewable energy systems, and natural light are correlated with improvements in ecological performance and psychosocial well-being, indicating that sustainability and rehabilitation may be mutually reinforcing goals. Notably, the analysis highlights that supportive environments are also associated with staff well-being and institutional stability, underscoring the broader organisational benefits of healing architecture. The findings suggest that young people’s correctional facilities should not replicate adult prisons but instead provide safe, developmental, and culturally grounded spaces that respond to adolescents’ unique needs. This study contributes a novel conceptual model—the Trauma-Informed Healing Architecture (TIHA) framework—that integrates trauma-informed, cultural, and ecological design strategies within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The framework defines global standards as universal principles—safety, dignity, cultural responsiveness, and natural light—while remaining adaptable to local resources and justice systems. In this way, it provides internationally relevant yet context-sensitive guidance for young people’s correctional reform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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34 pages, 4597 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Designer Mismatch Characteristic and Talent Cultivation Strategy in China’s Construction Industry

by Sidong Zhao, Xianteng Liu, Yongxin Liu and Weiwei Li

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3686; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203686 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Architectural design stands as a highly knowledge-intensive field, with designers serving as the linchpin for its premium development. China’s construction industry is now navigating a transitional phase of slower growth, where a misalignment in designer capabilities significantly obstructs the nation’s shift from being [...] Read more.

Architectural design stands as a highly knowledge-intensive field, with designers serving as the linchpin for its premium development. China’s construction industry is now navigating a transitional phase of slower growth, where a misalignment in designer capabilities significantly obstructs the nation’s shift from being a mere “construction giant” to becoming a true “construction powerhouse”. Based on the spatial mismatch model and Geodetector, this study empirically analyzes the mismatch relationship among designers and its influencing factors using panel data from 31 provinces in China from 2013 to 2023, and proposes strategies for cultivating architectural design talents. Findings reveal that China’s architectural designers exhibit spatial supply imbalance, and complex trends in designer allocation-simultaneous growth and decline coexist. China exhibits diverse types of architect mismatch: 22.58% of regions are in a state of Positive Mismatch, and 12.90% experience Negative Mismatch. In over one-third of regions, the architectural design talent market can no longer self-correct architect mismatch through market mechanisms, urgently requiring collaborative intervention policies from governments, design associations, and enterprises to address architect supply–demand governance. For a smooth transition during the transformation and upgrading of the construction and design industries, the architectural design talent market should accommodate frictional designer mismatch. The contribution of designer mismatch varies significantly, with factors such as innovation, industrial structure, and fiscal self-sufficiency exerting more direct influence, while other factors play indirect roles through dual-factor enhancement effects and nonlinear enhancement effects. The insights from the analysis results and conclusions for future designer cultivation include fostering an interdisciplinary teaching model for designers through university–enterprise collaboration, enhancing education in AI and intelligent construction literacy, and establishing an intelligent service platform for designer supply–demand matching to promptly build a new differentiated and precise designer supply system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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