On the Use of Perforated Sound Absorption Systems for Variable Acoustics Room Design
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Concept Description
3. Sound Absorption Evaluation
4. Auditorium Simulation
4.1. Model Description
4.2. Results
4.2.1. Preliminary Evaluation
4.2.2. Speech Assessment
Reverberation Time
Sound Pressure Level
Definition (D50)
STI
4.2.3. Concert Assessment
Reverberation Time
Early Decay Time (EDT)
Sound Pressure Level
Clarity (C80)
Strength (G)
Early Lateral Energy Fraction (LF)
4.3. Summary of the Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ID | Panels | Thickness (mm) | Diameter of the Hole (mm) | Perforation Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PP | Perforated | 12 | 8 | 18 |
ID | Porous material | Thickness (mm) | Density (kg/m3) | Flow resistivity Pa·s·m−2 |
MW | Mineral Wool | 40 mm | 70 | 28,377 |
Configuration | Layer 1 | Layer 2 | Layer 3 | Layer 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | PP | Airgap d1 = 10 mm | MW | Airgap d1 = 100 mm |
B | PP | Airgap d1 = 55 mm | MW | Airgap d1 = 55 mm |
C | PP | Airgap d1 = 100 mm | MW | Airgap d1 = 10 mm |
AuditoriumPart | Materials | Area | Area | Acoustic Parameter * | Octave Bands [Hz] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m2 | % | 125 | 250 | 500 | 1000 | 2000 | 4000 | |||
Stage | Ceiling in rockwool with 25 mm | 105.2 | 5.2 | α | 0.25 | 0.60 | 0.65 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 |
Plywood wall | 267.1 | 13.3 | α | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |
Wall with panel composed of wood wool bonded with Portland cement with 15 mm and an airgap with 30 mm | 182.4 | 9.1 | α | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 0.75 | 0.45 | 0.55 | |
Parquet floor | 148.1 | 7.4 | α | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | |
Parterre and Balcony | Ceiling in gypsum board | 335.0 | 16.7 | α | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Plywood wall | 223.8 | 11.1 | α | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |
Floor in concrete lined with wood tiles | 144.5 | 7.2 | α | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.05 | |
Empty chairs, low upholstered | 271.8 | 13.5 | α | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.49 | 0.45 | |
s | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.70 | ||||
Balcony guardrails in gypsum | 73.7 | 3.7 | α | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | |
Variable Acoustic Configuration A | 256.6 | 12.8 | α | 0.88 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.92 | 0.48 | 0.24 | |
s | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | ||||
Variable Acoustic Configuration B | α | 0.63 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.55 | 0.37 | 0.27 | |||
s | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | ||||
Variable Acoustic Configuration C | α | 0.20 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.53 | 0.48 | 0.24 | |||
s | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | ||||
Variable Acoustic Configuration Reflector | α | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.20 | |||
s | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 |
Type of Use | Reverberation Time | Recommended Value (s) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Theatre | Tmax | 1.3 | Arau [33] |
Tmin | 0.8 | ||
Opera | Tmax | 1.5 | Arau [33] |
Tmin | 1.1 | ||
Chamber music | Tmax | 1.5 | Arau [33] |
Tmin | 1.3 | ||
Concerts | Tmax | 1.8 | Arau [33] |
Acoustic powerful music | Tmin | 1.5 | Standard NS 8178 [34] |
Acoustic quiet music | Tmax | 2.2 | Standard NS 8178 [34] |
Tmin | 1.8 | ||
Amplified music | Tmax | 1.0 | Standard NS 8178 [34] |
Tmin | 0.8 |
Parterre | Balcony | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distance between receiver and reference receiver (m) | 2.9 | 5.2 | 8.2 | 11.4 | 8.1 | 9.2 | 10.2 | 11.4 | 12.5 | 13.3 |
ΔL [dB] | 2.0 | 3.7 | 5.5 | 6.1 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 6.4 |
STI | <0.30 | 0.30–0.45 | 0.45–0.60 | 0.60–0.75 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Score | Bad | Poor | Fair | Good | Excellent |
Parterre | Balcony | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distance between receiver reference receiver (m) | 2.9 | 5.2 | 8.2 | 11.4 | 8.1 | 9.2 | 10.2 | 11.4 | 12.5 | 13.3 |
ΔL [dB] | 1.8 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 |
Type of Use | Recommended Values |
---|---|
Opera | 2 dB < C80 < 6 dB |
Concert | −2 dB < C80 < 4 dB |
Single Number Acoustic Indicator | Configuration A | Requirement | Requirement Accomplished | Single Number Frequency Averaging [Hz] |
---|---|---|---|---|
T30 (s) | [0.9 s; 1 s] | ≤0.9 s | ✓ | 500 and 1000 Hz |
D50 (%) | [70%; 71%] | >50% | ✓ | 500 and 1000 Hz |
STI (%) | [62%; 66%] | [60; 75%] Good | ✓ | - |
Max ΔL [dB] | 3.2 dB | ≤1 dB | + − | Overall sound pressure level |
Single Number Acoustic Indicator | Parterre | Balcony | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zone A | Zone B | Zone C | Zone D | Zone E | |
T30 (s) | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.93 |
D50 (%) | 70 | 71 | 71 | 70 | 70 |
STI (%) | 63 | 65 | 62 | 64 | 66 |
SPL [dB] | 87.4 | 85.6 | 85.0 | 84.9 | 84.2 |
Acoustic Indicator | Auditorium | Acoustic Requirement Evaluation | |
---|---|---|---|
Configuration R | Requirement | Requirement Accomplished | |
T30 (s) | [1.5 s;1.6 s] | [1.5 s;1.8 s] | ✓ |
BR | [1.27; 1.29] | Around 1.3 is considered acceptable | + − |
EDT (s) | [1.2 s–1.5 s] | [1 s; 3 s] | ✓ |
RT/EDT | [0.73; 0.94] | EDT/RT ratio should have a value close to 1 | + − |
C80 (dB) | [1 dB–4 dB] | [−2 dB;4 dB] | ✓ |
G (dB) | [9.2 dB–10.4 dB] | [6 dB; 11 dB] | ✓ |
LF | [0.19; 0.32] | [0.05;0.35] | ✓ |
Max ΔL [dB] | 1.4 dB | ≤1 dB | ✓ |
Parterre | Balcony | Spatial Distribution Evaluation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subjective Listener Aspect | Single Number Acoustic Indicator | Zone A | Zone B | Zone C | Zone D | Zone E | Just Noticeable Difference among Zones (JND) | Reference Just Noticeable Difference (JND) | Analysis |
- | T30 (s) | 1.55 | 1.55 | 1.54 | 1.55 | 1.56 | - | - | - |
- | BR | 1.29 | 1.29 | 1.28 | 1.28 | 1.27 | - | - | - |
Perceived reverberance | EDT (s) | 1.49 | 1.18 | 1.46 | 1.38 | 1.28 | ≤4 JND | 5% | Differences in the perception will be noticed bellow the balcony |
- | RT/EDT | 0.94 | 0.73 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.78 | - | - | - |
Perceived clarity of sound | C80 (dB) | 2.4 | 4.3 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 3.2 | ≤4 JND | 1 dB | Differences in the perception of clarity may be noticed |
Subjective level of sound | G (dB) | 10.4 | 9.2 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 1 JND | 1 dB | ✓ |
Apparent source width | LF | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.32 | ≤3 JND | 0.05 | Differences in the perception of source will be noticed in the front seats |
- | SPL [dB] | 88.7 | 87.7 | 87.2 | 87.3 | 87.4 | - | - | - |
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Pereira, A.; Gaspar, A.; Godinho, L.; Amado Mendes, P.; Mateus, D.; Carbajo, J.; Ramis, J.; Poveda, P. On the Use of Perforated Sound Absorption Systems for Variable Acoustics Room Design. Buildings 2021, 11, 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110543
Pereira A, Gaspar A, Godinho L, Amado Mendes P, Mateus D, Carbajo J, Ramis J, Poveda P. On the Use of Perforated Sound Absorption Systems for Variable Acoustics Room Design. Buildings. 2021; 11(11):543. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110543
Chicago/Turabian StylePereira, Andreia, Anna Gaspar, Luís Godinho, Paulo Amado Mendes, Diogo Mateus, Jesus Carbajo, Jaime Ramis, and Pedro Poveda. 2021. "On the Use of Perforated Sound Absorption Systems for Variable Acoustics Room Design" Buildings 11, no. 11: 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110543