Assessment of Summer Overheating in Concrete Block and Cross Laminated Timber Office Buildings in the Severe Cold and Cold Regions of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Overheating Phenomenon
1.1.1. Global Climate Change and the Urban Heat Island Effect
1.1.2. Public Buildings
1.1.3. Disadvantages of Overheated Buildings
1.2. Global Overheating Standards
1.3. Building Materials
1.4. Study Objective
2. Methods and Data
2.1. Thermal Comfort
2.2. Definition of Overheating
2.3. Framework of the Study
2.4. Simulation Environment
- U is thermal transmittance.
- Rt is the total thermal resistance of all materials.
- Rsi means interior surface thermal resistance (according to the norm by climatic zone).
- Rse means exterior surface thermal resistance (according to the norm by climatic zone).
2.5. Details of the Simulation Building
2.6. Simulation Parameters
2.6.1. Simulation Rooms
2.6.2. Ventilation
2.6.3. Appliances and Lighting
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. The Degree of Overheating
3.1.1. CIBSE TMA
3.1.2. CIBSE TM52
3.2. The Wall Inner Surface Temperature
4. Discussion
- (1)
- Suggestions for the revision of building design code
- (2)
- The effect of heat insulation materials on overheating
- (3)
- Potential methods to alleviate overheating
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Criteria | Content |
---|---|
Criteria 1 | This displays the percentage hours when the difference in operative temperature minus the maximum acceptable temperature is greater than or equal to 1 K. |
Criteria 2 | This displays the maximum daily degree hours found for the space. This fails if it is greater than 6 K/h per day. |
Criteria 3 | This displays the maximum ΔT for the space. This space fails if it is greater than or equal to 4 K. |
Category | Explanation | Suggested Acceptable Range (K) |
---|---|---|
I | High level of expectation only used for the spaces occupied by very sensitive and fragile persons. | 2 |
II | Normal expectation (for new buildings and renovations). | 3 |
III | A moderate expectation (used for existing buildings). | 4 |
Climate Region | Sub-Region | Main Indicators | Representative City | U-Value (W/m2·K) | R-Value (m2·K/W) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | HDD/CDD | |||||
Severe cold | Severe cold 1A | Tmin·m ≤ −10 °C 145 ≤ d≤5 | 6000 ≤ HDD18 | Hailar | Roof: ≤0.28 Wall: ≤0.38 Window: ≤2.2 | Ground Floor: ≥1.10 |
Severe cold 1B | 5000 ≤ HDD18 < 6000 | Harbin | Roof: ≤0.28 Wall: ≤0.38 Window: ≤2.2 | Ground Floor: ≥1.10 | ||
Severe cold 1C | 3800 ≤ HDD18 < 5000 | Shenyang; Changchun | Roof: ≤0.35 Wall: ≤0.43 Window: ≤2.3 | Ground Floor: ≥1.10 | ||
Cold | Cold 2A | −10 °C < Tmin·m ≤ 0 °C 90 ≤ d≤5 < 145 | 2000 ≤ HDD18 < 3800 CDD26 ≤ 90 | Dalian | Roof: ≤0.45 Wall: ≤0.50 Window: ≤2.4 | Ground Floor: ≥0.6 |
Cold 2B | 2000 ≤ HDD18 < 3800 CDD26 > 90 | Beijing | Roof: ≤0.45 Wall: ≤0.50 Window: ≤2.4 | Ground Floor: ≥0.6 |
Items | Values |
---|---|
Building function | Office, meeting |
Total floor area | 13 F |
Number of rooms | 300 (office, meeting) 28 (circulation) |
Standard layer height | 3.0 m |
Window to wall ratio | 0.34 (south) 0.28 (north) |
Standard floor area | 894 m2 |
Openable windows rate | 39% |
Windowsill height | 0.9 |
Window size | 1.8 × 2.1 m (south) 1.8 × 1.8 m (north, east and west) |
Concrete | CLT | |
---|---|---|
Roof | ||
Wall | ||
Ground | ||
Roof | EPS 130 mm for severe cold AB area (Hailar, Harbin) EPS 100 mm for severe cold C area (Changchun, Shenyang) EPS 80 mm for cold area (Dalian, Beijing) | |
External wall | EPS 100 mm for severe cold AB area (Hailar, Harbin) EPS 80 mm for severe cold C area (Changchun, Shenyang) EPS 70 mm for cold area (Dalian, Beijing) | |
Ground | EPS 50 mm for severe cold ABC area (Hailar, Harbin, Changchun, Shenyang) EPS 40 mm for cold area (Beijing, Dalian) |
Case Study | U-Values for Different Components (W/m2K) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Walls | Windows | Roof | Ground | |
Severe cold AB | ||||
Concrete block | 0.33 | 2.17 | 0.48 | |
CLT | 0.26 | 2.17 | 0.21 | 0.48 |
RC | 0.28 | |||
Severe cold C | ||||
Concrete block | 0.40 | 2.22 | 0.48 | |
CLT | 0.30 | 2.22 | 0.25 | 0.48 |
RC | 0.35 | |||
Cold area | ||||
Concrete block | 0.44 | 2.34 | 0.57 | |
CLT | 0.32 | 2.34 | 0.29 | 0.57 |
RC | 0.40 |
Material | Conductivity (W/(m·K)) | Density (kg/m3) | Specific Heat Capacity (J/kg·K) |
---|---|---|---|
Concrete block | 0.53 | 800 | 1000 |
CLT | 0.165 | 700 | 2100 |
RC | 1.74 | 2500 | 900 |
Input Parameters | Value (for the Building) |
---|---|
Heating | No heating required (free-running during summer) |
Heating setpoint/setback temperatures | No setpoint/setback |
Ventilation | Natural ventilation—no heating/cooling |
Cooling setpoint/setback temperatures | No setpoint/setback temperatures |
Related Parameter | Input Parameter | Values | Period |
---|---|---|---|
Windows | Openable area | 39% open | May, June, September (7:00–9:00,16:00–18:00) July, August (7:00–18:00) |
Door | Openable area | 100% | Off continuously |
Air Exchanges | Infiltration | 0.25 ac/h | May–September (00:00–24:00) |
Natural ventilation | 8.3 l/s/per | May–September (7:00–18:00) |
Related Parameter | Input Parameter | Values | Opening Time |
---|---|---|---|
Internal Gains | Lighting | 9 W/m2 | May–September weekdays (7:00–18:00) |
People | 10 m2/person | May–September weekdays (7:00–18:00) | |
Computers | 30 W/m2 | May–September weekdays (7:00–18:00) |
Buildings | Cities | Orientation | Operative Temperature (>25 °C) | % Time Operative T > 25 °C | Operative Temperature (>28 °C) | % Time Operative T > 28 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Office (Hours) | Office (Hours) | |||||
Concrete Block Office Buildings | Hailar | South | 231 | 9.24% | 46 | 1.84% |
North | 159 | 6.36% | 27 | 1.08% | ||
Harbin | South | 751 | 30.04% | 323 | 12.92% | |
North | 682 | 27.28% | 231 | 9.24% | ||
Changchun | South | 572 | 22.88% | 198 | 7.92% | |
North | 496 | 19.84% | 152 | 6.08% | ||
Shenyang | South | 807 | 32.28% | 401 | 16.04% | |
North | 702 | 28.08% | 347 | 13.88% | ||
Dalian | South | 755 | 30.20% | 341 | 13.64% | |
North | 728 | 29.12% | 245 | 9.80% | ||
Beijing | South | 1084 | 43.36% | 887 | 35.48% | |
North | 1057 | 42.28% | 781 | 31.24% | ||
CLT Office Building | Hailar | South | 271 | 10.84% | 89 | 3.56% |
North | 200 | 8.00% | 53 | 2.12% | ||
Harbin | South | 779 | 31.16% | 395 | 15.80% | |
North | 693 | 27.72% | 282 | 11.28% | ||
Changchun | South | 619 | 24.76% | 239 | 9.56% | |
North | 526 | 21.04% | 183 | 7.32% | ||
Shenyang | South | 824 | 32.96% | 416 | 16.64% | |
North | 733 | 29.32% | 358 | 14.32% | ||
Dalian | South | 791 | 31.64% | 392 | 15.68% | |
North | 749 | 29.96% | 302 | 12.08% | ||
Beijing | South | 1071 | 42.84% | 877 | 35.08% | |
North | 1052 | 42.08% | 792 | 31.68% |
Building Material | Cities | Orientation | Criteria 1 (% Hrs Top-Tmax > = 1 K) | Criteria 2 (Max. Daily Deg. Hrs) | Criteria 3 (Max. DeltaT) | Criteria Failing | Overheating |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concrete Block Office Buildings | Hailar | South | 2 | 9 | 4 | 2 | No |
North | 0.7 | 4 | 2 | No | |||
Harbin | South | 15 | 29 | 4 | 1 & 2 | Yes | |
North | 8.3 | 21 | 3 | 1 & 2 | Yes | ||
Changchun | South | 4.8 | 26 | 4 | 1 & 2 | Yes | |
North | 2.1 | 18 | 3 | 2 | No | ||
Shenyang | South | 14.2 | 20 | 3 | 1 & 2 | Yes | |
North | 7 | 12 | 2 | 1 & 2 | Yes | ||
Dalian | South | 9.4 | 11 | 2 | 1 & 2 | Yes | |
North | 0.3 | 3 | 1 | No | |||
Beijing | South | 51.3 | 44 | 5 | 1 & 2 & 3 | Yes | |
North | 34.9 | 38 | 5 | 1 & 2 & 3 | Yes | ||
CLT Office Buildings | Hailar | South | 6.8 | 34 | 6 | 1 & 2 & 3 | Yes |
North | 2.5 | 19 | 5 | 2 & 3 | Yes | ||
Harbin | South | 23.3 | 44 | 6 | 1 & 2 & 3 | Yes | |
North | 14.2 | 34 | 5 | 1 & 2 & 3 | Yes | ||
Changchun | South | 13 | 53 | 7 | 1 & 2 & 3 | Yes | |
North | 6.6 | 41 | 6 | 1 & 2 & 3 | Yes | ||
Shenyang | South | 20 | 35 | 6 | 1 & 2 & 3 | Yes | |
North | 13.2 | 27 | 4 | 1 & 2 | Yes | ||
Dalian | South | 14.5 | 19 | 4 | 1 & 2 | Yes | |
North | 3.8 | 11 | 3 | 1 & 2 | Yes | ||
Beijing | South | 52.7 | 63 | 8 | 1 & 2 & 3 | Yes | |
North | 40.5 | 56 | 7 | 1 & 2 & 3 | Yes |
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Dong, Y.; Wang, R.; Xue, J.; Shao, J.; Guo, H. Assessment of Summer Overheating in Concrete Block and Cross Laminated Timber Office Buildings in the Severe Cold and Cold Regions of China. Buildings 2021, 11, 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080330
Dong Y, Wang R, Xue J, Shao J, Guo H. Assessment of Summer Overheating in Concrete Block and Cross Laminated Timber Office Buildings in the Severe Cold and Cold Regions of China. Buildings. 2021; 11(8):330. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080330
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong, Yu, Rong Wang, Jing Xue, Jingran Shao, and Haibo Guo. 2021. "Assessment of Summer Overheating in Concrete Block and Cross Laminated Timber Office Buildings in the Severe Cold and Cold Regions of China" Buildings 11, no. 8: 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080330