Shape Memory Polymer Foam for Autonomous Climate-Adaptive Building Envelopes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Hygrothermal Simulation
2.1.1. Building Environment and Façade Design
2.1.2. Investigated Locations
2.1.3. Simulation Parameters
2.2. Shape Memory Polymer Foam and Adaptive Element
2.2.1. Foam Preparation
2.2.2. Characterization Methods
2.2.3. Adaptive Element
2.3. Life Cycle Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Hygrothermal Simulations
3.2. Shape Memory Foam and Adaptive Element
3.3. Life Cycle Assesment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Detailed Information on Materials and Foam Preparation
Appendix A.2. Detailed Description of Characterization Methods
References
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Thickness [m] | Material | Thermal Conductivity [W·(m·K)−1] |
---|---|---|
0.02 | Cement Rendering | 1.2 |
0.14 | Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) | 0.04 |
0.04 | Air Layer | 0.23 |
0.24 | Solid Brick Masonry | 0.6 |
0.02 | Gypsum Rendering | 0.2 |
Parameter | Values/Datasets |
---|---|
Outdoor climate | Holzkirchen (DE); Freiburg (DE); Madrid (ES) |
Heat transfer coefficient external wall | 25 W·(m2·K)−1 |
Short-wave radiation absorptivity | 0.4 |
Explicit radiation balance | Not used |
Indoor climate | Simulation result |
Heat transfer coefficient internal wall | 8 W·(m2·K)−1 |
ACH * inside the apartment | 1 h−1 |
Target temperature heating | 20 °C (ideal system) |
Target temperature cooling | 22 °C (ideal system) |
Location | Annual Ventilating Hours [H] | Annual Percentage [%] | Mean Annual ACH [h−1] |
---|---|---|---|
Holzkirchen | 1022 | 11.66 | 9.67 |
Freiburg | 1709 | 19.51 | 21.05 |
Madrid | 1848 | 21.10 | 49.27 |
Location | Tair,mean * unventilated [°C] | Tair,mean * ventilated [°C] | ΔTair,mean * [K] | tΔT ** [K·h] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Holzkirchen | 18.3 | 17.97 | 0.33 | 2931 |
Freiburg | 19.21 | 18.54 | 0.67 | 5812 |
Madrid | 20.98 | 19.62 | 1.36 | 11902 |
Ventilated ETICS | Unventilated ETICS | Difference | Difference [%] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Holzkirchen | ||||
Toper,mean * [°C] | 20.11 | 20.23 | 0.12 | −0.59 |
Degree–hours [K·h] | 176,187 | 177,269 | 1082 | −0.61 |
Freiburg | ||||
Toper,mean * [°C] | 20.33 | 20.65 | 0.32 | −1.55 |
Degree–hours [K·h] | 178,093 | 180,967 | 2874 | −1.59 |
Madrid | ||||
Toper,mean * [°C] | 21.17 | 21.94 | 0.77 | −3.51 |
Degree–hours [K·h] | 185,524 | 192,263 | 6739 | −3.51 |
Ventilated ETICS | Unventilated ETICS | Difference | Difference [%] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Holzkirchen | ||||
Heating Energy Demand [kWh] | 12,300 | 12,146 | +154 | +1.25 |
Cooling Energy Demand [kWh] | 185 | 336 | −151 | −44.94 |
Freiburg | ||||
Heating Energy Demand [kWh] | 9077 | 8912 | +165 | +1.82 |
Cooling Energy Demand [kWh] | 482 | 807 | −325 | −40.27 |
Madrid | ||||
Heating Energy Demand [kWh] | 5293 | 5158 | +135 | +2.55 |
Cooling Energy Demand [kWh] | 1652 | 2314 | −662 | −28.61 |
Material | Tmin * or Tstore [°C] | Tm,Peak [°C] | Tc,Peak [°C] | ΔHm [J·g−1] | ΔHm,iso **/ΔHm [%] | tc,Peak,iso *** [min] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHA | −20 | 57.8 | 40.4 | 105.0 | - | - |
PU foam | −70 | 37.7 | 5.4 | 29.9 | 100 | - |
PU foam (isothermal) | 5 | 37.9 | - | 29.1 | 97.3 | 2.1 |
10 | 37.7 | - | 29.1 | 97.3 | 2.5 | |
15 | 38.3 | - | 28.8 | 96.3 | 3.2 | |
20 | 38.5 | - | 25.4 | 84.9 | 7.7 |
# | σ [kPa] | εrev,rel [%] | εresidual 1 [%] | # | Tlow [°C] | Thigh [°C] | εrev,rel [%] | εresidual 1 [%] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 1 | N = 2 | N = 3 | avg | N = 1 | N = 2 | avg | |||||||
1 | 4..4 | 9..9 | 11..6 | 12..5 | 11..3 | 1..1 | 1 | 0 | 55 | 22 | 22..9 | 22..4 | <1 |
2 | 8..7 | 21..0 | 22..6 | 22..9 | 22..2 | 3..5 | 2 | 10 4 | 55 | 21..6 | 22..3 | 21..9 | <1 |
3 | 13..1 | 19..3 | 20..0 | 22..9 | 20..7 | 21..5 | 3 | 15 5 | 55 | 20..2 | 20..7 | 20..5 | <1 |
4 | 17..4 | 16..4 | 18..1 | 18..4 | 17..6 | 32..6 | 4 | 20 6 | 55 | 14 | 14..2 | 14..1 | <1 |
5 | 4..4 | 17..7 | 17..9 | 17..8 | 17..8 | 33..1 | 5 | 0 | 50 | 22..1 | 23..3 | 22..7 | <1 |
6 | 8..7 | 19..6 | 19..7 | 19..5 | 19..6 | 33..9 | 6 | 0 | 45 4 | 21 | 22..1 | 21..5 | <1 |
7 | 13..1 | 18..5 | 18..3 | 18..5 | 18..4 | 35..3 | 7 | 0 | 40 5 | 17..6 | 19..5 | 18..6 | <1 |
8 | 17..4 | 18..0 | 18..1 | 18..1 | 18..1 | 38..9 | 8 | 0 | 35 6 | 7..2 | 11..2 | 9..2 | <1 |
9 2 | 4..4 | 17..6 | - | - | 17..6 | - | 9 | 15 5 | 40 5 | 16..2 | 18..7 | 17..5 | <1 |
10 3 | 4..4 | 16..2 | - | - | 16..2 | 54..1 | 10 | 15 7 | 37 7 | 10..5 | 14..1 | 12..3 | 14..9 |
11 | 43..5 | 15..5 | 15..7 | 15..6 | 15..6 | 68..2 | 11 | 20 7 | 40 7 | 15..1 | 15..8 | 15..5 | <1 |
12 | 87..1 | 13..8 | 14..1 | 14..1 | 14 | 75..5 | |||||||
13 | 4..4 | 8..2 | 7..6 | 7..3 | 7..7 | 75..8 |
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Walter, M.; Lengsfeld, K.; Borschewski, D.; Albrecht, S.; Kölsch, P.; Pretsch, T.; Krus, M.; Lehmann-Brauns, S. Shape Memory Polymer Foam for Autonomous Climate-Adaptive Building Envelopes. Buildings 2022, 12, 2236. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122236
Walter M, Lengsfeld K, Borschewski D, Albrecht S, Kölsch P, Pretsch T, Krus M, Lehmann-Brauns S. Shape Memory Polymer Foam for Autonomous Climate-Adaptive Building Envelopes. Buildings. 2022; 12(12):2236. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122236
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalter, Mario, Kristin Lengsfeld, David Borschewski, Stefan Albrecht, Philipp Kölsch, Thorsten Pretsch, Martin Krus, and Susanne Lehmann-Brauns. 2022. "Shape Memory Polymer Foam for Autonomous Climate-Adaptive Building Envelopes" Buildings 12, no. 12: 2236. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122236