Has China’s Construction Waste Change Been Decoupled from Economic Growth?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Literature Review
1.2.1. Construction Waste Management
1.2.2. Decoupling Model Application
1.3. Aim and Question
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area: China
2.2. Research Methods: Decoupling Model
2.3. Research Steps and Data Sources
3. Results
3.1. Spatial-Temporal Change Analysis
3.1.1. Change Trend
3.1.2. Spatial Characteristics
3.2. Decoupling Type Change of Gross Output Value
3.2.1. Eight Type
3.2.2. Three Type
3.3. Decoupling Type Change of Total Profit
3.3.1. Eight Type
3.3.2. Three Type
4. Discussion
4.1. Theoretical Enlightenment
4.2. Limitations and Deficiencies
4.3. Policy Design Value
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Growth Rate | Decoupling Index | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Construction Waste | Gross Output Value | Total Profit | Gross Output Value | Total Profit | ||
1 | Beijing | 21.18 | 16.45 | 18.88 | 1.29 | 1.12 |
2 | Tianjin | 17.81 | 17.91 | 27.48 | 0.99 | 0.65 |
3 | Hebei | 18.95 | 20.05 | 22.10 | 0.95 | 0.86 |
4 | Shanxi | 18.13 | 13.54 | 30.90 | 1.34 | 0.59 |
5 | Inner Mongolia | 9.57 | 12.97 | 10.14 | 0.74 | 0.94 |
6 | Liaoning | 22.23 | 26.36 | 27.54 | 0.84 | 0.81 |
7 | Jilin | 20.97 | 17.94 | 23.84 | 1.17 | 0.88 |
8 | Heilongjiang | 11.49 | 16.49 | 4.66 | 0.70 | 2.47 |
9 | Shanghai | 11.25 | 7.97 | 8.89 | 1.41 | 1.27 |
10 | Jiangsu | 17.50 | 20.99 | 22.41 | 0.83 | 0.78 |
11 | Zhejiang | 14.46 | 20.48 | 17.91 | 0.71 | 0.81 |
12 | Anhui | 17.28 | 22.03 | 26.03 | 0.78 | 0.66 |
13 | Fujian | 21.40 | 25.47 | 29.62 | 0.84 | 0.72 |
14 | Jiangxi | 18.03 | 27.25 | 32.10 | 0.66 | 0.56 |
15 | Shandong | 12.77 | 16.61 | 19.18 | 0.77 | 0.67 |
16 | Henan | 14.45 | 18.13 | 27.33 | 0.80 | 0.53 |
17 | Hubei | 120.26 | 25.41 | 31.61 | 4.73 | 3.80 |
18 | Hunan | 17.13 | 20.48 | 22.52 | 0.84 | 0.76 |
19 | Guangdong | 13.69 | 19.87 | 20.38 | 0.69 | 0.67 |
20 | Guangxi | 18.22 | 25.12 | 22.42 | 0.73 | 0.81 |
21 | Hainan | 16.98 | 18.76 | 23.40 | 0.91 | 0.73 |
22 | Chongqing | 15.53 | 25.37 | 23.78 | 0.61 | 0.65 |
23 | Sichuan | 15.34 | 21.24 | 27.39 | 0.72 | 0.56 |
24 | Guizhou | 24.51 | 27.38 | 48.69 | 0.90 | 0.50 |
25 | Yunnan | 18.60 | 24.85 | 32.67 | 0.75 | 0.57 |
26 | Tibet | −8.32 | −5.10 | −20.42 | 1.63 | 0.41 |
27 | Shaanxi | 22.61 | 14.73 | 17.28 | 1.54 | 1.31 |
28 | Gansu | 25.01 | 31.25 | 40.04 | 0.80 | 0.62 |
29 | Qinghai | 23.55 | 19.28 | 28.05 | 1.22 | 0.84 |
30 | Ningxia | 21.54 | 21.71 | 17.74 | 0.99 | 1.21 |
31 | Xinjiang | 25.63 | 27.51 | 27.67 | 0.93 | 0.93 |
Growth Rate | Decoupling Index | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Construction Waste | Gross Output Value | Total Profit | Gross Output Value | Total Profit | ||
1 | Beijing | 5.90 | 7.45 | 2.90 | 0.79 | 2.03 |
2 | Tianjin | −2.19 | −2.14 | −14.15 | 1.02 | 0.15 |
3 | Hebei | −1.90 | 0.43 | −3.86 | −4.46 | 0.49 |
4 | Shanxi | 3.86 | 7.19 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 6.68 |
5 | Inner Mongolia | −10.93 | −6.57 | −12.51 | 1.66 | 0.87 |
6 | Liaoning | −27.14 | −17.51 | −19.12 | 1.55 | 1.42 |
7 | Jilin | −13.10 | −5.32 | −5.41 | 2.46 | 2.42 |
8 | Heilongjiang | −15.93 | −13.27 | −17.65 | 1.20 | 0.90 |
9 | Shanghai | 7.38 | 6.64 | 3.16 | 1.11 | 2.33 |
10 | Jiangsu | 3.32 | 5.92 | 4.33 | 0.56 | 0.77 |
11 | Zhejiang | 1.10 | −2.28 | −3.76 | −0.48 | −0.29 |
12 | Anhui | 3.78 | 9.62 | 7.14 | 0.39 | 0.53 |
13 | Fujian | 5.71 | 14.28 | 13.35 | 0.40 | 0.43 |
14 | Jiangxi | 4.78 | 13.63 | 9.87 | 0.35 | 0.48 |
15 | Shandong | 2.72 | 6.41 | −1.31 | 0.42 | −2.07 |
16 | Henan | 5.98 | 9.08 | 13.67 | 0.66 | 0.44 |
17 | Hubei | 8.79 | 10.83 | 17.05 | 0.81 | 0.52 |
18 | Hunan | 5.57 | 12.39 | 11.14 | 0.45 | 0.50 |
19 | Guangdong | 8.28 | 13.49 | 9.77 | 0.61 | 0.85 |
20 | Guangxi | 5.90 | 13.97 | 15.18 | 0.42 | 0.39 |
21 | Hainan | 0.96 | 6.66 | 6.79 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
22 | Chongqing | 1.70 | 7.24 | 1.88 | 0.23 | 0.90 |
23 | Sichuan | 2.04 | 14.09 | 20.30 | 0.14 | 0.10 |
24 | Guizhou | 5.74 | 19.57 | 36.37 | 0.29 | 0.16 |
25 | Yunnan | 4.26 | 14.95 | 18.37 | 0.29 | 0.23 |
26 | Tibet | 18.08 | 26.06 | 47.36 | 0.69 | 0.38 |
27 | Shaanxi | 5.79 | 11.36 | 14.30 | 0.51 | 0.41 |
28 | Gansu | −4.52 | −0.09 | −3.57 | 49.89 | 1.27 |
29 | Qinghai | −1.88 | 0.48 | −5.82 | −3.91 | 0.32 |
30 | Ningxia | −14.43 | −2.41 | −7.77 | 5.98 | 1.86 |
31 | Xinjiang | −13.25 | −1.92 | −0.53 | 6.89 | 24.81 |
Construction Waste | Gross Output Value | Total Profit | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009 | 2013 | 2009 | 2013 | 2009 | 2013 | ||
1 | Beijing | 0.1958 | 0.2315 | 0.3898 | 0.3371 | 0.2247 | 0.1796 |
2 | Tianjin | 0.0584 | 0.0630 | 0.1786 | 0.1651 | 0.1312 | 0.1127 |
3 | Hebei | 0.1678 | 0.1844 | 0.2389 | 0.2358 | 0.4367 | 0.4109 |
4 | Shanxi | 0.0584 | 0.0637 | 0.1702 | 0.1349 | 0.1859 | 0.1624 |
5 | Inner Mongolia | 0.0560 | 0.0450 | 0.0855 | 0.0682 | 0.2538 | 0.2794 |
6 | Liaoning | 0.1835 | 0.2248 | 0.3235 | 0.3902 | 0.4391 | 0.4700 |
7 | Jilin | 0.0555 | 0.0668 | 0.1030 | 0.0974 | 0.1921 | 0.1825 |
8 | Heilongjiang | 0.0506 | 0.0438 | 0.1227 | 0.1093 | 0.2039 | 0.1834 |
9 | Shanghai | 0.1720 | 0.1443 | 0.3673 | 0.2340 | 0.2450 | 0.1721 |
10 | Jiangsu | 0.9648 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 |
11 | Zhejiang | 1.0000 | 0.9331 | 0.9335 | 0.9182 | 0.6441 | 0.5681 |
12 | Anhui | 0.1813 | 0.1881 | 0.2109 | 0.2231 | 0.3689 | 0.3828 |
13 | Fujian | 0.1997 | 0.2378 | 0.2074 | 0.2457 | 0.3981 | 0.5010 |
14 | Jiangxi | 0.1166 | 0.1248 | 0.1208 | 0.1548 | 0.3100 | 0.3093 |
15 | Shandong | 0.3741 | 0.3299 | 0.4409 | 0.3828 | 0.9521 | 0.9134 |
16 | Henan | 0.2411 | 0.2262 | 0.3443 | 0.3160 | 0.5039 | 0.4966 |
17 | Hubei | 0.0175 | 0.2600 | 0.3271 | 0.3827 | 0.3758 | 0.4334 |
18 | Hunan | 0.2152 | 0.2217 | 0.2372 | 0.2376 | 0.3825 | 0.3953 |
19 | Guangdong | 0.2817 | 0.2570 | 0.3652 | 0.3553 | 0.6130 | 0.5444 |
20 | Guangxi | 0.0837 | 0.0907 | 0.0825 | 0.1010 | 0.2073 | 0.2713 |
21 | Hainan | 0.0083 | 0.0103 | 0.0048 | 0.0096 | 0.0197 | 0.0272 |
22 | Chongqing | 0.1583 | 0.1547 | 0.1790 | 0.2124 | 0.2141 | 0.2820 |
23 | Sichuan | 0.2516 | 0.2434 | 0.3188 | 0.3255 | 0.4655 | 0.5442 |
24 | Guizhou | 0.0415 | 0.0569 | 0.0422 | 0.0594 | 0.0603 | 0.1001 |
25 | Yunnan | 0.0739 | 0.0814 | 0.1083 | 0.1291 | 0.1956 | 0.2857 |
26 | Tibet | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
27 | Shaanxi | 0.0817 | 0.1027 | 0.2177 | 0.1790 | 0.3162 | 0.3608 |
28 | Gansu | 0.0372 | 0.0521 | 0.0477 | 0.0750 | 0.1101 | 0.1120 |
29 | Qinghai | 0.0018 | 0.0049 | 0.0108 | 0.0154 | 0.0007 | 0.0006 |
30 | Ningxia | 0.0177 | 0.0233 | 0.0162 | 0.0224 | 0.0192 | 0.0273 |
31 | Xinjiang | 0.0482 | 0.0680 | 0.0680 | 0.0914 | 0.1353 | 0.1569 |
Construction Waste | Gross Output Value | Total Profit | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009 | 2013 | 2009 | 2013 | 2009 | 2013 | ||
1 | Beijing | 0.2421 | 0.2667 | 0.3319 | 0.3497 | 0.4420 | 0.4152 |
2 | Tianjin | 0.0616 | 0.0484 | 0.1653 | 0.1170 | 0.1578 | 0.0653 |
3 | Hebei | 0.1716 | 0.1385 | 0.2265 | 0.1801 | 0.1625 | 0.1116 |
4 | Shanxi | 0.0621 | 0.0626 | 0.1237 | 0.1273 | 0.0915 | 0.0740 |
5 | Inner Mongolia | 0.0381 | 0.0197 | 0.0543 | 0.0289 | 0.0704 | 0.0278 |
6 | Liaoning | 0.2223 | 0.0532 | 0.3173 | 0.1123 | 0.2563 | 0.0852 |
7 | Jilin | 0.0691 | 0.0331 | 0.0999 | 0.0600 | 0.1084 | 0.0672 |
8 | Heilongjiang | 0.0345 | 0.0136 | 0.0848 | 0.0337 | 0.0474 | 0.0108 |
9 | Shanghai | 0.1532 | 0.1782 | 0.2214 | 0.2253 | 0.2003 | 0.1874 |
10 | Jiangsu | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 |
11 | Zhejiang | 0.9349 | 0.8566 | 0.9215 | 0.6658 | 0.5858 | 0.4201 |
12 | Anhui | 0.1866 | 0.1892 | 0.2207 | 0.2515 | 0.1935 | 0.2120 |
13 | Fujian | 0.2579 | 0.2821 | 0.2699 | 0.3649 | 0.2352 | 0.3263 |
14 | Jiangxi | 0.1346 | 0.1416 | 0.1652 | 0.2175 | 0.1556 | 0.1886 |
15 | Shandong | 0.3301 | 0.3218 | 0.3769 | 0.3821 | 0.4307 | 0.3407 |
16 | Henan | 0.2327 | 0.2570 | 0.3197 | 0.3582 | 0.3243 | 0.4563 |
17 | Hubei | 0.2961 | 0.3636 | 0.4073 | 0.4873 | 0.3960 | 0.6282 |
18 | Hunan | 0.2207 | 0.2399 | 0.2426 | 0.3064 | 0.2086 | 0.2665 |
19 | Guangdong | 0.2392 | 0.2882 | 0.3379 | 0.4446 | 0.3771 | 0.4606 |
20 | Guangxi | 0.0965 | 0.1058 | 0.1035 | 0.1372 | 0.0472 | 0.0679 |
21 | Hainan | 0.0084 | 0.0067 | 0.0084 | 0.0058 | 0.0071 | 0.0035 |
22 | Chongqing | 0.1553 | 0.1449 | 0.2235 | 0.2328 | 0.2763 | 0.2472 |
23 | Sichuan | 0.2502 | 0.2373 | 0.3261 | 0.4383 | 0.2322 | 0.4112 |
24 | Guizhou | 0.0597 | 0.0648 | 0.0640 | 0.1031 | 0.0314 | 0.0964 |
25 | Yunnan | 0.0762 | 0.0783 | 0.1217 | 0.1675 | 0.1192 | 0.1968 |
26 | Tibet | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0093 |
27 | Shaanxi | 0.1043 | 0.1140 | 0.1830 | 0.2219 | 0.1278 | 0.1823 |
28 | Gansu | 0.0530 | 0.0375 | 0.0711 | 0.0529 | 0.0606 | 0.0384 |
29 | Qinghai | 0.0040 | 0.0022 | 0.0147 | 0.0085 | 0.0096 | 0.0000 |
30 | Ningxia | 0.0191 | 0.0075 | 0.0226 | 0.0126 | 0.0170 | 0.0038 |
31 | Xinjiang | 0.0681 | 0.0324 | 0.0911 | 0.0635 | 0.0481 | 0.0344 |
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Decoupling Type | Δx | Δy | z | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Decoupling | Strong | ≤0 | ≥0 | ≤0 |
Weak | >0 | >0 | (0, 0.8] | |
Recessive | <0 | <0 | (1.2, +∞) | |
Coupling | Expansive | >0 | >0 | (0.8, 1.2] |
Recessive | <0 | <0 | (0.8, 1.2] | |
Negative Decoupling | Strong | >0 | <0 | <0 |
Weak | <0 | <0 | (0, 0.8] | |
Expansive | >0 | >0 | (1.2, +∞) |
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Wang, H.; Xia, S.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, P. Has China’s Construction Waste Change Been Decoupled from Economic Growth? Buildings 2022, 12, 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020147
Wang H, Xia S, Zhang Q, Zhang P. Has China’s Construction Waste Change Been Decoupled from Economic Growth? Buildings. 2022; 12(2):147. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020147
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Haobing, Sisi Xia, Qiyue Zhang, and Ping Zhang. 2022. "Has China’s Construction Waste Change Been Decoupled from Economic Growth?" Buildings 12, no. 2: 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020147