A Review of Mathematical Models of Building Physics and Energy Technologies for Environmentally Friendly Integrated Energy Management Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Research Motivation: Integration
1.2. Related Works
1.3. Contribution of This Study
2. Building Physics
3. Onsite Energy Generation and Storage
3.1. Photovoltaic Panel
3.2. Solar Thermal Panel
3.3. Wind Turbine
3.4. Combined Heating and Power
3.5. Battery
3.6. Hot Water Storage Tank
3.7. Phase Change Materials
4. Heating and Cooling Systems
4.1. Heating Technologies
4.1.1. Air Source Heat Pump
4.1.2. Ground Source Heat Pump
4.2. Cooling Technologies
4.2.1. Evaporative Cooling
4.2.2. Chiller
4.3. Energy Distribution Systems
4.3.1. Hydronic Heating Systems
4.3.2. Chilled Beam
4.3.3. Radiant Cooling System
5. Energy Management System
5.1. Rule-Based Control
5.2. Model Predictive Control
5.2.1. MPC Formulation
5.2.2. Solution Techniques
6. Discussion and Conclusions
- Electricity system: The onsite energy generation technologies, including PV, WT and CHP, produce electricity for the heating or cooling system and home appliances of the building. The surplus electricity can be stored in the battery or sold to the grid;
- Heating system: The onsite heating production can be provided by renewable generation; for example, STP, or other environmentally friendly technologies, such as micro-CHP and heat pumps. Some traditional heating technologies, such as the electric heater, can also be included in this framework. DHW and space heating are the two main domains of heating demand in the building. Thermal heat can be distributed to each zone by water-based technologies, such as HR systems. The surplus thermal heat can be stored in HWSTs or PCMs;
- Cooling system: Concerning buildings in hot climates, the space cooling demand can be covered by cooling technologies, such as evaporative cooling, chillers and CCHPs. Analogously, the cold energy can be distributed to each zone of the building with water-based techniques, such as chilled beams. The surplus cold energy can also be stored in PCMs.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technologies | Models | Applications in Buildings | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Photovoltaic Panel (PV) | Analytical [4] Empirical [35] | [6,36,37] | PVs can produce renewable electricity and reduce over 40% of the energy demand due to their passive benefits. |
Solar Thermal Panel (STP) | Analytical [38] Empirical [39] | [40,41] | STPs provide renewable heat generation, with overall efficiency ranges from 24–28% (single pass) or 32–34% (double pass). |
Wind Turbine (WT) | Analytical [5,42] Empirical [43] | [26] | WTs can produce renewable electricity and are promising in areas with strong wind currents. It grows rapidly worldwide, with an over 11% growth rate. |
Combined (Cooling), Heating and Power (C(C)HP) | Analytical [44,45,46] Empirical [47,48] | [41,49,50] | CHP and CCHP can increase the electricity and heat production efficiency from 60% in traditional ways to 90%. |
Battery | Analytical [36] Empirical [51] | [20,52,53] | Batteries can deal with the intermittence of renewable generation and shave peak demand, contributing to balancing the demand and supply and maintaining the grid stability, and can achieve an over 20% cost reduction. |
Hot Water Storage Tank (HWST) | Analytical [54,55] Empirical [56] | [11,57,58] | HWSTs can shift thermal loads to off-peak hours and increase energy flexibility, providing up to a 7.5% energy saving potential and 5.5% emission reduction potential. |
Phase Change Material (PCM) | Analytical [59,60] Empirical [61] | [62,63,64] | PCMs have large thermal storage abilities due to their high latent heat, leading to the same energy saving with less materials. |
Air/Ground Source Heat Pump (ASHP/GSHP) | Analytical [65,66] Empirical [67,68,69] | [12,70,71,72] | Heat pumps have a high operating efficiency and low operating cost compared with conditional heating devices, with a COP of up to 5. |
Direct/Indirect Evaporative Cooling (DEC/IEC) | Analytical [73,74] Empirical [75] | [76,77] | DEC and IEC are efficient in hot and humid climates, and can decrease the air temperature to wet bulb temperature or dew point temperature. |
Absorption/ Compression Chiller (AC/CC) | Analytical [78] Empirical [79,80] | [81,82,83] | The COPs of chillers range from 0.6 to 6, and the consumed energy can be supplied by renewable heat/electricity production. The COP of CCs is usually higher than ACs. |
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Zhang, Y.; Vand, B.; Baldi, S. A Review of Mathematical Models of Building Physics and Energy Technologies for Environmentally Friendly Integrated Energy Management Systems. Buildings 2022, 12, 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020238
Zhang Y, Vand B, Baldi S. A Review of Mathematical Models of Building Physics and Energy Technologies for Environmentally Friendly Integrated Energy Management Systems. Buildings. 2022; 12(2):238. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020238
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yajie, Behrang Vand, and Simone Baldi. 2022. "A Review of Mathematical Models of Building Physics and Energy Technologies for Environmentally Friendly Integrated Energy Management Systems" Buildings 12, no. 2: 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020238