Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams under Instantaneous Loading: Effects of Recycled Ceramic as Cement and Aggregates Replacement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Program
2.1. Material and Mix Proportions
2.2. Details of Beam Specimens
2.3. Experimental Setup of Beams for Testing
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. First Crack Load and Mode of Failure of Beams
3.2. Load-Deflection Behavior (Mid-Span Deflection) of Beams
3.3. Ultimate Flexural Capacity of Beams
3.4. Strain of Reinforcement Bars under Applied Load
3.5. Strain of Concrete under Applied Loads
3.6. Compression and Tension of Beams
3.7. Position of Neutral Axis in Beams
3.8. Distribution of Crack on Beams Span
4. Conclusions
- i.
- The strength performance of the reinforced concrete beam made of recycled ceramic waste and conventional concrete to some extent showed a similar trend under applied stress, wherein an equal number of cracks across the length of the beam was formed. All beams failed in flexure because of the longitudinal reinforcement bar and subsequent rupture of the concrete in the compression region.
- ii.
- The overall performance of the reinforced concrete beams containing 100% ceramic waste as fine and coarse aggregates revealed an acceptable performance compared to the control beam. It was affirmed that ceramic wastes could be efficiently used in the production of sustainable concrete.
- iii.
- A comparison of the ultimate experimental load of all beams with CC showed that the RA beam achieved up to 99% of the ultimate load of the CC beam. Additionally, the first crack loads were similar for both specimens (14 kN). The total number of cracks for the CC and RA beam was 16 and 14, respectively.
- iv.
- The RA beam containing ceramic wastes as fine and coarse aggregates showed a reduction in the beam deflection by 43% compared to the CC beam. The RC and RF beams attained a 24% and 28% reduction in the deflection, respectively.
- v.
- The experimental result of the flexural capacity of all beams was quite close to the CC beam, wherein the difference between the maximum and minimum flexural capacity was only 1.21 kNm. The flexural capacity of RC was only 6% lower than the CC, indicating the potential benefits of the ceramic wastes in replacing cement and aggregates in the normal concrete.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CC | Conventional concrete |
RWC | Recycled wastes ceramic |
RCBs | Reinforced concrete beams |
RF | Recycled wastes ceramic as fine aggregates |
RC | Recycled wastes ceramic as coarse aggregates |
RA | Recycled wastes ceramic as fine and coarse aggregates |
OPC | Ordinary Portland cement |
LVDTs | linear variable displacement transducer |
w/c | Water-cement ratio |
w/b | Water to binder ratio |
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Composition (%) | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | K2O | TiO2 | LOI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPC | 16.40 | 4.24 | 3.53 | 68.30 | 0.22 | 0.09 | 2.40 |
WCP | 74.10 | 17.80 | 3.57 | 1.11 | 2.69 | 0.46 | 0.10 |
Label of Specimen | OPC | WCP | River Sand | Fine Ceramic | Crushed Granite | Coarse Ceramic | Water |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC | 465 | 0 | 640 | 0 | 1000 | 0 | 250 |
RC | 465 | 0 | 640 | 0 | 0 | 1000 | 250 |
RF | 465 | 0 | 0 | 640 | 1000 | 0 | 250 |
RA | 465 | 0 | 0 | 640 | 0 | 1000 | 250 |
PC | 280 | 185 | 0 | 640 | 0 | 1000 | 250 |
Label of Specimen | Tension Reinforcement Bars | The Ratio of Reinforcement Bars (ρt) | Shear Reinforcement Bars | fc’ (N/mm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CC | 2 ⱷ 12 | 0.75% | ⱷ 10 @ 100mm | 52 |
RC | 2 ⱷ 12 | 0.75% | ⱷ 10 @ 100mm | 43.5 |
RF | 2 ⱷ 12 | 0.75% | ⱷ 10 @ 100mm | 45.6 |
RA | 2 ⱷ 12 | 0.75% | ⱷ 10 @ 100mm | 51.7 |
PC | 2 ⱷ 12 | 0.75% | ⱷ 10 @ 100mm | 41.5 |
Label of Specimen | A load of First Crack (kN) | Deflection at First Crack(mm) | Ultimate Load (kN) | Deflection at Ultimate Load (kN) | Total Number of Crack | Correlation of First Crack Load to Ultimate Load (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC | 14 | 3.67 | 47.6 | 28.46 | 16 | 29 |
RC | 10 | 2.33 | 44.9 | 21.67 | 12 | 22 |
RF | 14 | 3.04 | 45.8 | 20.55 | 13 | 31 |
RA | 14 | 2.69 | 47.1 | 17.52 | 12 | 30 |
PC | 12 | 3.01 | 45.7 | 17.12 | 15 | 26 |
Label of Specimen | At First Crack Load | At Ultimate Load | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Load (kN) | Deflection (mm) | Load (kN) | Deflection (mm) | |
CC | 14 | 3.67 | 47.6 | 28.46 |
RC | 10 | 2.97 | 44.9 | 21.67 |
RF | 14 | 3.04 | 45.8 | 20.55 |
RA | 14 | 2.69 | 47.1 | 17.52 |
PC | 12 | 3.01 | 45.7 | 16.12 |
Specimen | Experimental Ultimate Load (kN) | Ultimate Moment Capacity (kN.m) | Theoretical Moment Capacity (kN.m) | Compared to CC (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CC | 47.6 | 21.4 | 13 | 100 |
RC | 44.9 | 20.2 | 13 | 94 |
RF | 45.8 | 20.6 | 13 | 96 |
RA | 47.1 | 21.2 | 13 | 99 |
PC | 45.7 | 20.6 | 13 | 96 |
Specimen | First Crack Load (kN) | Reinforcement Bar Strain (10−6) | 50% of Ultimate Load (kN) | Reinforcement Bar Strain (10−6) | Ultimate Load (kN) | Reinforcement Bar Strain (10−6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC | 14 | 1117 | 23.80 | 1932 | 47.6 | 5551 |
RC | 10 | 528 | 22.45 | 1510 | 44.9 | 7727 |
RF | 14 | 478 | 22.90 | 1176 | 45.8 | 7524 |
RA | 14 | 594 | 23.55 | 1323 | 47.1 | 5316 |
PC | 12 | 552 | 22.35 | 1409 | 45.7 | 5320 |
Specimen | Load at First Crack (kN) | The Depth of Neutral Axis at First Crack Load (mm) | Ultimate Load (kN) | The Depth of Neutral Axis at Ultimate Load (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CC | 14 | 74 | 47.6 | 61 |
RC | 10 | 71 | 44.9 | 48 |
RF | 14 | 73 | 45.8 | 46 |
RA | 14 | 61 | 47.1 | 43 |
PC | 12 | 79 | 45.7 | 61 |
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Samadi, M.; Baghban, M.H.; Kubba, Z.; Faridmehr, I.; Abdul Shukor Lim, N.H.; Benjeddou, O.; Ariffin, N.F.B.; Huseien, G.F. Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams under Instantaneous Loading: Effects of Recycled Ceramic as Cement and Aggregates Replacement. Buildings 2022, 12, 439. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040439
Samadi M, Baghban MH, Kubba Z, Faridmehr I, Abdul Shukor Lim NH, Benjeddou O, Ariffin NFB, Huseien GF. Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams under Instantaneous Loading: Effects of Recycled Ceramic as Cement and Aggregates Replacement. Buildings. 2022; 12(4):439. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040439
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamadi, Mostafa, Mohammad Hajmohammadian Baghban, Ziyad Kubba, Iman Faridmehr, Nor Hasanah Abdul Shukor Lim, Omrane Benjeddou, Nur Farhayu Binti Ariffin, and Ghasan Fahim Huseien. 2022. "Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams under Instantaneous Loading: Effects of Recycled Ceramic as Cement and Aggregates Replacement" Buildings 12, no. 4: 439. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040439