Influence of Different Ambient Temperatures on the Thermal Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mix Design and Mixing Procedure
2.3. Experimental Procedure
- i.
- Two thicknesses of 10 mm and 20 mm of the disc samples are run. The 10 mm thickness is to minimize lateral heat loss and the 20 mm thickness to allow the maximum 12 mm LECA aggregate size effect. The average value is taken from the two thicknesses.
- ii.
- The parallelism of the sample surfaces is of importance with less than a 1% gradient, which is less than the +0.55 mm thickness variation at the opposite ends.
- iii.
- Reject surfaces with macro-voids and repair any surfaces with micro-pores.
- iv.
- Surfaces are grinded and polished to P800 sanding to provide good surface contacts.
- v.
- Rubber sheets are used to minimize the air gap between the two isothermal plates and the surfaces of the sample.
- vi.
- An average of 6 running samples are run to get the mean values and their COVs.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physical and Mechanical Properties
3.2. Influence of the Ambient Temperature on the Thermal Properties of Fibre-Reinforced LWAC
3.2.1. Thermal Conductivity
3.2.2. Specific Heat
3.2.3. Thermal Diffusivity
3.2.4. Thermal Effusivity
4. Conclusions
- The ST and PP fiber LWAC have a thermal conductivity ranging from 1.185–1.4415 W/mK and 0.9762–1.1377 W/mK, respectively, when the ambient temperature is within 0 °C to 50 °C. In terms of fiber category, the ST fiber LWAC had a higher conductivity than PP fiber and plain LWAC.
- The ST and PP fiber LWAC have a specific heat ranging 791–967 J/kgK and 833–980 J/kgK, respectively, when the ambient temperature is within 0 °C to 50 °C. In terms of fiber category, the ST fiber concrete had a higher specific heat than PP fiber LWAC.
- The ST and PP fiber LWAC have a thermal diffusivity ranging from 0.687–0.916 mm2/s and 0.620–0.772 mm2/s, respectively, when the ambient temperature is within 0 °C to 50 °C. The ST fiber concrete had a higher diffusivity than PP fiber LWAC.
- The ST and PP fibers LWAC have a thermal effusivity ranging from 1349–1580 J/Km2s1/2 and 1171–1335 J/Km2s1/2, respectively, when the ambient temperature is within 0 °C to 50 °C. The ST fiber concrete had a higher effusivity than PP fiber concrete.
- The temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity decreased linearly between 0 °C and 50 °C with a very strong linear correlation.
- The temperature-dependent specific heat and thermal effusivity increased linearly between 0 °C and 50 °C with a very strong linear correlation.
- The equations to predict thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal diffusivity, and thermal effusivity as a function of the ambient temperature, ranging from 0 °C to 50 °C, were proposed.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | SO3 | K2O | Na2O | Lost on Ignition | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | 63.40 | 19.80 | 5.10 | 3.10 | 2.50 | 2.40 | 1.00 | 0.19 | 1.80 |
GGBFS | 49.76 | 29.35 | 11.72 | 0.52 | 4.20 | 2.09 | 0.46 | - | - |
Chemical Composition of the LECA Aggregates (% by Mass) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | SO3 | K2O | Na2O | BaO | TiO2 | P2O5 |
3.57 | 53.50 | 24.47 | 8.98 | 1.42 | 0.07 | 4.08 | 2.24 | 0.10 | 0.96 | 0.0064 |
Type of Fibres | Length, l (mm) | Diameter, d (mm) | Aspect Ratio (l/d) | Geometry | Solid Density (kg/m3) | Modulus GPa | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Failure Strain (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steel (ST) | 35 | 0.54 | 65 | Hooked-end | 7840 | 210 | 1200 | 3.5 |
Polypropylene (PP) | 19 | 0.016 | 1188 | Fibrillated | 900 | 3.9 | 400 | 15 |
Mix Code | Cement (kg/m3) | GGBFS (kg/m3) | LECA (kg/m3) | Sand (kg/m3) | Water (kg/m3) | Water to Binder Ratio | VF 1 (%) | SP 2 (%) | Oven Dried Density (kg/m3) | Vebe (s) | Slump (mm) | 28-Day Compressive Strength (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | ||||||||||||
Plain LWAC | 400 | 60 | 506 | 837 | 161 | 0.35 | 0 | 1 | 1831 | 4 | 70 | 47.1 |
ST Fibre | ||||||||||||
ST0.25 | 400 | 60 | 506 | 837 | 161 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 1 | 1847 | 6 | 55 | 50.2 |
ST0.50 | 400 | 60 | 506 | 837 | 161 | 0.35 | 0.50 | 1 | 1865 | 6 | 55 | 51.2 |
ST0.75 | 400 | 60 | 506 | 837 | 161 | 0.35 | 0.75 | 1 | 1909 | 7 | 45 | 53.4 |
ST1.00 | 400 | 60 | 506 | 837 | 161 | 0.35 | 1.00 | 1 | 1934 | 11 | 15 | 54.1 |
ST1.50 | 400 | 60 | 506 | 837 | 161 | 0.35 | 1.50 | 1 | 1951 | 16 | 5 | 47.4 |
PP Fibre | ||||||||||||
PP0.1 | 400 | 60 | 506 | 837 | 161 | 0.35 | 0.1 | 1 | 1776 | 4 | 70 | 46.3 |
PP0.2 | 400 | 60 | 506 | 837 | 161 | 0.35 | 0.2 | 1 | 1759 | 5 | 65 | 48.9 |
PP0.3 | 400 | 60 | 506 | 837 | 161 | 0.35 | 0.3 | 1 | 1688 | 8 | 40 | 44.9 |
Thermal Conductivity, kW/mK | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | 0 °C | COV% 1 | 10 °C | COV% | 20 °C | COV% | 30 °C | COV% | 40 °C | COV% | 50 °C | COV% |
Plain LWAC | 1.190 | 6.69 | 1.171 | 6.46 | 1.165 | 6.29 | 1.155 | 6.16 | 1.149 | 6.08 | 1.143 | 6.01 |
ST0.25 | 1.233 | 6.63 | 1.229 | 6.51 | 1.220 | 6.40 | 1.207 | 6.29 | 1.197 | 6.12 | 1.187 | 5.94 |
ST0.5 | 1.367 | 3.45 | 1.354 | 3.46 | 1.338 | 3.43 | 1.319 | 3.51 | 1.303 | 3.36 | 1.293 | 3.50 |
ST0.75 | 1.383 | 3.06 | 1.374 | 2.88 | 1.364 | 2.90 | 1.353 | 2.87 | 1.345 | 2.92 | 1.337 | 3.00 |
ST0.1 | 1.419 | 8.33 | 1.420 | 8.11 | 1.407 | 8.01 | 1.392 | 7.97 | 1.382 | 7.93 | 1.373 | 7.89 |
ST1.5 | 1.459 | 5.33 | 1.451 | 5.57 | 1.439 | 5.59 | 1.423 | 5.54 | 1.412 | 5.54 | 1.402 | 5.52 |
PP0.1 | 1.149 | 6.58 | 1.140 | 6.52 | 1.132 | 6.51 | 1.120 | 6.50 | 1.111 | 6.94 | 1.096 | 7.00 |
PP0.2 | 1.118 | 12.22 | 1.116 | 12.28 | 1.109 | 12.15 | 1.100 | 12.10 | 1.094 | 11.94 | 1.088 | 11.79 |
PP0.3 | 1.011 | 6.14 | 1.010 | 5.90 | 1.005 | 5.74 | 0.997 | 5.55 | 0.992 | 5.36 | 0.987 | 5.22 |
Mix Code | Equation | R2 Value |
---|---|---|
Control | ||
Plain LWAC | kPLWAC= −0.0009T + 1.1845 | 0.9455 |
ST Fibre | ||
ST0.25 | kST0.25 = −0.001T + 1.236 | 0.9865 |
ST0.5 | kST0.5 = −0.0015T + 1.3678 | 0.9945 |
ST0.75 | kST0.75 = −0.0009T + 1.3826 | 0.9967 |
ST1.0 | kST1.0 = −0.001T + 1.4246 | 0.9573 |
ST1.5 | kST1.5 = −0.0012T + 1.461 | 0.9935 |
PP Fibre | ||
PP0.1 | kPP0.1 = −0.001T + 1.1504 | 0.9919 |
PP0.2 | kPP0.2 = −0.0006T + 1.1204 | 0.9825 |
PP0.3 | kPP0. = −0.0005T + 1.013 | 0.9747 |
Specific Heat, Cp (Joule/kgK) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | 0 °C | COV% 1 | 10 °C | COV% | 20 °C | COV% | 30 °C | COV% | 40 °C | COV% | 50 °C | COV% |
Plain LWAC | 819 | 6.56 | 833 | 8.63 | 877 | 5.30 | 901 | 5.61 | 920 | 5.05 | 938 | 5.14 |
ST0.25 | 791 | 4.89 | 815 | 8.70 | 853 | 6.36 | 870 | 6.52 | 892 | 6.21 | 912 | 6.10 |
ST0.5 | 859 | 1.93 | 880 | 2.06 | 906 | 2.23 | 943 | 2.72 | 956 | 2.09 | 967 | 1.97 |
ST0.75 | 856 | 3.68 | 871 | 2.39 | 897 | 2.58 | 928 | 2.86 | 941 | 2.72 | 960 | 2.25 |
ST1.0 | 851 | 3.85 | 869 | 4.25 | 898 | 4.38 | 922 | 5.72 | 940 | 4.31 | 955 | 4.35 |
ST1.5 | 847 | 1.29 | 859 | 1.15 | 888 | 1.19 | 917 | 1.33 | 931 | 1.38 | 946 | 0.94 |
PP0.1 | 843 | 5.75 | 861 | 5.06 | 885 | 4.06 | 915 | 4.77 | 927 | 4.34 | 943 | 3.91 |
PP0.2 | 833 | 4.48 | 850 | 4.26 | 877 | 6.49 | 905 | 2.56 | 926 | 3.27 | 939 | 3.15 |
PP0.3 | 853 | 6.14 | 879 | 5.90 | 890 | 5.74 | 947 | 5.55 | 956 | 5.36 | 980 | 5.22 |
Mix Code | Equation | R2 Value |
---|---|---|
Control | ||
Plain LWAC | CpControl= 2.5156T + 818.14 | 0.9765 |
ST Fibre | ||
ST0.25 | CpST0.25 = 2.2499T + 794.81 | 0.9870 |
ST0.5 | CpST0.5 = 2.3091T + 860.74 | 0.9710 |
ST0.75 | CpST0.75 = 2.1719T + 854.39 | 0.9854 |
ST1.0 | CpST1.0 = 2.169T + 851.45 | 0.9908 |
ST1.5 | CpST1.5 = 2.1121T + 845.13 | 0.9813 |
PP Fibre | ||
PP0.1 | CpPP0.1 = 2.0699T + 843.93 | 0.9837 |
PP0.2 | CpPP0.2 = 2.2517T + 831.91 | 0.9901 |
PP0.3 | CpPP0.3 = 2.6403T +851.58 | 0.9597 |
Thermal Diffusivity, a (mm2/s) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | 0 °C | COV% 1 | 10 °C | COV% | 20 °C | COV% | 30 °C | COV% | 40 °C | COV% | 50 °C | COV% |
Plain LWAC | 0.788 | 8.04 | 0.773 | 10.78 | 0.727 | 7.61 | 0.701 | 7.92 | 0.682 | 7.23 | 0.665 | 7.11 |
ST0.25 | 0.816 | 7.72 | 0.800 | 9.88 | 0.757 | 8.45 | 0.734 | 8.34 | 0.709 | 8.30 | 0.687 | 7.83 |
ST0.5 | 0.846 | 3.55 | 0.817 | 3.37 | 0.783 | 3.15 | 0.742 | 4.97 | 0.722 | 3.04 | 0.707 | 3.09 |
ST0.75 | 0.866 | 4.61 | 0.846 | 4.35 | 0.814 | 4.59 | 0.780 | 4.73 | 0.764 | 4.46 | 0.743 | 4.70 |
ST0.1 | 0.884 | 8.63 | 0.859 | 8.75 | 0.824 | 8.63 | 0.794 | 8.99 | 0.772 | 8.47 | 0.753 | 8.34 |
ST1.5 | 0.916 | 3.60 | 0.896 | 3.70 | 0.859 | 3.61 | 0.823 | 3.66 | 0.804 | 3.48 | 0.786 | 3.71 |
PP0.1 | 0.772 | 5.64 | 0.749 | 5.62 | 0.724 | 6.25 | 0.692 | 6.06 | 0.677 | 6.18 | 0.657 | 6.23 |
PP0.2 | 0.767 | 7.06 | 0.749 | 7.74 | 0.721 | 7.77 | 0.693 | 7.54 | 0.672 | 7.68 | 0.659 | 8.20 |
PP0.3 | 0.734 | 9.59 | 0.708 | 5.68 | 0.699 | 9.61 | 0.648 | 5.60 | 0.639 | 5.21 | 0.620 | 5.33 |
Mix Code | Equation | R2 Value |
---|---|---|
Control | ||
Plain LWAC | a Control = −0.0026T + 0.788 | 0.9727 |
ST Fibre | ||
ST0.25 | aST0.25 = −0.0027T + 0.8177 | 0.9875 |
ST0.5 | aST0.5 = −0.0029T + 0.8424 | 0.9791 |
ST0.75 | aST0.75 = −0.0026T + 0.8661 | 0.9878 |
ST1.0 | aST1.0 = −0.0027T + 0.8819 | 0.9903 |
ST1.5 | aST1.5 = −0.0027T + 0.916 | 0.9828 |
PP Fibre | ||
PP0.1 | aPP0.1 = −0.0024T + 0.7706 | 0.9911 |
PP0.2 | aPP0.2 = −0.0023T + 0.7672 | 0.9886 |
PP0.3 | aPP0.3 = −0.0024T + 0.7338 | 0.9606 |
Thermal Effusivity, e (J/Km2s1/2) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | 0 °C | COV% 1 | 10 °C | COV% | 20 °C | COV% | 30 °C | COV% | 40 °C | COV% | 50 °C | COV% |
Plain LWAC | 1325 | 4.05 | 1332 | 4.49 | 1363 | 4.13 | 1376 | 3.83 | 1386 | 3.91 | 1395 | 4.15 |
ST0.25 | 1349 | 4.17 | 1357 | 5.30 | 1382 | 3.80 | 1388 | 3.99 | 1399 | 3.52 | 1409 | 3.71 |
ST0.5 | 1469 | 2.20 | 1478 | 2.27 | 1491 | 2.34 | 1510 | 1.72 | 1510 | 2.23 | 1513 | 2.32 |
ST0.75 | 1469 | 3.02 | 1477 | 2.17 | 1493 | 1.99 | 1512 | 2.23 | 1516 | 2.27 | 1526 | 1.85 |
ST0.1 | 1489 | 5.63 | 1499 | 5.59 | 1517 | 5.58 | 1529 | 6.33 | 1537 | 5.61 | 1544 | 5.65 |
ST1.5 | 1527 | 3.39 | 1533 | 3.31 | 1552 | 3.32 | 1568 | 3.33 | 1574 | 3.36 | 1580 | 3.20 |
PP0.1 | 1295 | 4.35 | 1302 | 4.30 | 1315 | 4.00 | 1331 | 4.16 | 1333 | 4.32 | 1335 | 4.39 |
PP0.2 | 1262 | 8.95 | 1273 | 8.60 | 1289 | 8.24 | 1303 | 8.41 | 1314 | 8.17 | 1320 | 7.78 |
PP0.3 | 1171 | 2.74 | 1189 | 4.86 | 1192 | 4.42 | 1226 | 3.62 | 1228 | 4.08 | 1240 | 3.93 |
Mix Code | Equation | R2 Value |
---|---|---|
Control | ||
Plain LWAC | PLWAC= 1.5000T + 1325.3 | 0.9541 |
ST Fibre | ||
ST0.25 | ε ST0.25= 1.2343T + 1349.8 | 0.9669 |
ST0.5 | ε ST0.5= 0.9571T + 1471.2 | 0.9136 |
ST0.75 | ε ST0.75= 1.2029T + 1468.8 | 0.9713 |
ST1.0 | εST1.0= 1.1457T + 1490.5 | 0.9763 |
ST1.5 | ε ST1.5= 1.1543T + 1526.8 | 0.9598 |
PP Fibre | ||
PP0.1 | ε PP0.1= 0.8829T + 1296.4 | 0.9244 |
PP0.2 | ε PP0.2= 1.22T + 1263 | 0.9846 |
PP0.3 | ε PP0.3= 1.417T + 1172.2 | 0.9846 |
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Shafigh, P.; Hafez, M.A.; Che Muda, Z.; Beddu, S.; Zakaria, A.; Almkahal, Z. Influence of Different Ambient Temperatures on the Thermal Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete. Buildings 2022, 12, 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060771
Shafigh P, Hafez MA, Che Muda Z, Beddu S, Zakaria A, Almkahal Z. Influence of Different Ambient Temperatures on the Thermal Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete. Buildings. 2022; 12(6):771. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060771
Chicago/Turabian StyleShafigh, Payam, Mohamed Ahmed Hafez, Zakaria Che Muda, Salmia Beddu, As’ad Zakaria, and Zaher Almkahal. 2022. "Influence of Different Ambient Temperatures on the Thermal Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete" Buildings 12, no. 6: 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060771