FEM-Based Evaluation of the Point Thermal Transmittance of Various Types of Ventilated Façade Cladding Fastening Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Construction of the Ventilated Façade System
2.2. Parameters and Geometry
2.3. Numerical Modelling Methodology
2.4. Calculation of the Point Thermal Transmittances
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Visualisation of Results
3.2. Effect of the Properties of the Wall
3.3. Effect of the Properties of the Brackets and Thermal Insulation
3.4. Effect of the Properties of the Brackets and Thermal Breaks
3.5. Thermal Bridge Catalogues
3.6. Simplified Method
4. Conclusions
- The thermal resistance (thickness of the wall/thermal conductivity of the wall) of the wall significantly affects the point thermal transmittance (χ) of the brackets.
- The point thermal transmittances (χ) of the brackets are not significantly affected by the number, the material of anchors, dowels, and drill hole length.
- The point thermal transmittances (χ) of the brackets are not significantly affected by the thermal conductivity of the thermal insulation.
- The point thermal transmittances (χ) of the brackets are significantly affected by the thickness of the thermal insulation.
- The point thermal transmittances (χ) of the brackets are significantly affected by their geometry (size), material and thickness of the brackets.
- The thermal breaks can reduce the point thermal conductivity much less than expected, especially when stainless-steel brackets are used.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Thickness (cm)/ Width × Height (cm) | Material | Thermal Conductivity (W/(m × K)) |
---|---|---|---|
Internal plaster | 1.5 | Lime–cement | 0.8 |
Wall | 25 | Masonry | 0.25 |
30 | 0.07, 0.19, 0.64 | ||
38 | 0.07, 0.19, 0.72 | ||
15, 20, 25, 30 | Reinforced concrete | 2, 2.5 | |
External plaster | 1.5 | Lime–cement | 0.8 |
Insulation | 10, 20, 30 | Mineral wool | 0.03, 0.04 |
Dowels | 0.2 | PA | 0.25 |
Anchors | 5, 15 | Stainless steel | 17 |
5, 15 | Steel | 50 | |
Thermal break | 0.5, 2 | PA | 0.25 |
0.5, 2 | HDPE | 0.5 | |
Bracket | 0.2, 0.4/6 × 6, 6 × 20, 10 × 20 | Stainless steel | 17 |
0.2, 0.4/6 × 6, 6 × 20, 10 × 20 | Steel | 50 | |
0.2, 0.4/6 × 6, 6 × 20, 10 × 20 | Aluminium | 160 |
Mesh Type | Elements | DoF | Meshing Time | Calculation Error |
---|---|---|---|---|
Extremely fine | 2,455,556 | 3,313,544 | 690 s | - |
Extra fine | 849,732 | 1,154,228 | 99 s | 0.48% |
Finer | 375,266 | 513,094 | 33 s | 1.33% |
Fine | 207,507 | 285,978 | 17 s | 2.37% |
Normal | 125,816 | 174,791 | 12 s | 3.24% |
Coarse | 58,688 | 82,881 | 6 s | 5.41% |
Coarser | 27,244 | 39,233 | 5 s | 7.98% |
Extra coarse | 13,403 | 19,605 | 4 s | 11.45% |
Extremely coarse | 4503 | 6699 | 4 s | 20.00% |
Mesh Type | Elements | DoF | Meshing Time | Calculation Error |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fine + extra fine | 207,507 | 285,978 | 13 s | 2.37% |
Finer + extra fine | 375,266 | 513,094 | 26 s | 1.33% |
Thermal Conductivity of the Brackets [W/(m × K)] | The Geometry of the Brackets [h × t] | Thickness of Insulation [m] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | |||||
Thermal Conductivity of Insulation [W/(m × K)] | |||||||
0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | ||
17 (stainless steel) | 0.06 × 0.004 | 0.320 | 0.208 | 2.000 | 1.200 | 5.200 | 3.200 |
0.06 × 0.008 | 0.224 | 0.144 | 1.440 | 0.920 | 4.400 | 2.560 | |
0.2 × 0.004 | 0.224 | 0.144 | 1.440 | 0.920 | 4.400 | 2.560 | |
0.2 × 0.008 | 0.176 | 0.104 | 1.120 | 0.720 | 3.440 | 2.000 | |
50 (steel) | 0.06 × 0.004 | 0.128 | 0.080 | 0.960 | 0.560 | 2.800 | 1.760 |
0.06 × 0.008 | 0.088 | 0.088 | 0.640 | 0.400 | 2.000 | 1.280 | |
0.2 × 0.004 | 0.104 | 0.056 | 0.720 | 0.440 | 2.240 | 1.440 | |
0.2 × 0.008 | 0.064 | 0.064 | 0.480 | 0.296 | 1.520 | 0.960 | |
160 (aluminium) | 0.06 × 0.004 | 0.044 | 0.029 | 0.344 | 0.224 | 1.120 | 0.720 |
0.06 × 0.008 | 0.029 | 0.019 | 0.216 | 0.144 | 0.720 | 0.480 | |
0.2 × 0.004 | 0.034 | 0.022 | 0.256 | 0.160 | 0.880 | 0.560 | |
0.2 × 0.008 | 0.022 | 0.014 | 0.160 | 0.104 | 0.560 | 0.320 |
Thermal Conductivity of the Brackets [W/(m × K)] | The Geometry of the Brackets [h × t] | Thickness of Insulation [m] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | |||||
Thermal Conductivity of Insulation [W/(m × K)] | |||||||
0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | ||
17 (stainless steel) | 0.06 × 0.004 | 0.320 | 0.208 | 2.000 | 1.256 | 5.600 | 3.360 |
0.06 × 0.008 | 0.240 | 0.160 | 1.680 | 1.040 | 4.800 | 2.880 | |
0.2 × 0.004 | 0.296 | 0.184 | 1.840 | 1.080 | 5.200 | 3.200 | |
0.2 × 0.008 | 0.224 | 0.136 | 1.480 | 0.880 | 4.160 | 2.560 | |
50 (steel) | 0.06 × 0.004 | 0.136 | 0.088 | 1.040 | 0.640 | 3.200 | 2.080 |
0.06 × 0.008 | 0.096 | 0.064 | 0.760 | 0.480 | 2.400 | 1.520 | |
0.2 × 0.004 | 0.120 | 0.080 | 0.920 | 0.560 | 2.800 | 1.760 | |
0.2 × 0.008 | 0.088 | 0.056 | 0.680 | 0.400 | 2.080 | 1.280 | |
160 (aluminium) | 0.06 × 0.004 | 0.048 | 0.032 | 0.400 | 0.264 | 1.360 | 0.880 |
0.06 × 0.008 | 0.032 | 0.021 | 0.272 | 0.176 | 0.920 | 0.560 | |
0.2 × 0.004 | 0.040 | 0.028 | 0.336 | 0.224 | 1.120 | 0.720 | |
0.2 × 0.008 | 0.030 | 0.019 | 0.232 | 0.144 | 0.800 | 0.480 |
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Petresevics, F.; Nagy, B. FEM-Based Evaluation of the Point Thermal Transmittance of Various Types of Ventilated Façade Cladding Fastening Systems. Buildings 2022, 12, 1153. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081153
Petresevics F, Nagy B. FEM-Based Evaluation of the Point Thermal Transmittance of Various Types of Ventilated Façade Cladding Fastening Systems. Buildings. 2022; 12(8):1153. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081153
Chicago/Turabian StylePetresevics, Fanni, and Balázs Nagy. 2022. "FEM-Based Evaluation of the Point Thermal Transmittance of Various Types of Ventilated Façade Cladding Fastening Systems" Buildings 12, no. 8: 1153. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081153