Study of the Failure Mechanism of Mortar Rubble Using Digital Image Correlation, Acoustic Emission and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Specimen Preparation
2.2. Test Method
2.2.1. DIC Test Methods
2.2.2. Acoustic Emission Detection
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Stress-Strain Relationship
3.2. DIC-Based Fracture Evolution of Mortar Rubble
3.3. Analysis of Characteristic Parameters of AE
3.3.1. Characteristic Curves of AE Energy vs. Time
3.3.2. RA-AF Analysis
3.3.3. AE Duration vs. Ringing Count
3.3.4. AE Frequency Domain Feature Analysis
3.3.5. Localization Point Analysis of Damage
3.4. Microscopic Analysis of Mortar–Rubble Interfacial Zone
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AE | acoustic emission |
AF | counts/duration |
CSC | coal–fired slag concrete |
DIC | digital image correlation |
GEP | gene expression programming |
HDT | hit definition time |
HLT | hit Lockout time |
ITZ | interfacial transition zones |
ML | machine learning, |
STFT | short-time Fourier transform |
PCAS | principal component analysis system |
PDT | peak definition time |
RA | risetime/amplitude |
SEM | scanning electron microscopy |
References
- Zhizhong, S.; Wei, M.; Dongqing, L. In situ test on cooling effectiveness of air convection embankment with crushed rock slope protection in permafrost regions. J. Cold Reg. Eng. 2005, 19, 38–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nie, Y.; Tang, S.; Xu, Y.; Mao, K. Numerical analysis and comparison of three types of herringbone frame structure for highway subgrade slopes protection. AIP Conf. Proc. 2018, 1955, 030013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.Q.; Mi, Y.N.; Wang, L.; Zhao, J.T.; Wang, Z.G.; Shao, X. Studies on the changes in the parameters stability of hinge joint concrete block slope. Appl. Mech. Mater. 2012, 166–169, 1639–1643. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, Y.; Li, D.L.; Peng, L.; Xiao, Y.; Nie, Y.H. The mechanical mechanism analysis for mortar arch framework slope protection structure. Adv. Mater. Res. 2013, 859, 143–148. [Google Scholar]
- Duan, J.; Xu, L.X.; Li, D.L.; Xu, Y. The monitoring research of stress and displacement about arch framework with flush joint precast. Appl. Mech. Mater. 2014, 638–640, 875–879. [Google Scholar]
- Gao, S.; Jin, J.; Hu, G.; Qi, L. Experimental investigation of the interface bond properties between SHCC and concrete under sulfate attack. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 217, 651–663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Júlio, E.N.B.S.; Branco, F.A.B.; Silva, V.T.D. Concrete-to-concrete bond strength. Influence of the roughness of the substrate surface. Constr. Build. Mater. 2004, 18, 675–681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costa, H.; Carmo, R.N.F.; Júlio, E. Influence of lightweight aggregates concrete on the bond strength of concrete-to-concrete interfaces. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 180, 519–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jia, J.Y.; Gu, X.L. Effects of coarse aggregate surface morphology on aggregate-mortar interface strength and mechanical properties of concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 294, 123515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mazzucco, G.; Salomoni, V.A.; Majorana, C. A cohesive contact algorithm to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of concrete ITZ at different roughness conditions. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 294, 123479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thongchom, C.; Lenwari, A.; Aboutaha, R.S. Bond properties between carbon fibre-reinforced polymer plate and fire-damaged concrete. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 2020, 97, 102485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdel-Jaber, M.; Abdel-Jaber, M.; Katkhuda, H.; Shatarat, N.; El-Nimri, R. Influence of Compressive Strength of Concrete on Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Near Surface Mounted Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer. Buildings 2021, 11, 563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grinys, A.; Balamurugan, M.; Augonis, A.; Ivanauskas, E. Mechanical Properties and Durability of Rubberized and Glass Powder Modified Rubberized Concrete for Whitetopping Structures. Materials 2021, 14, 2321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmad, A.; Chaiyasarn, K.; Farooq, F.; Ahmad, W.; Suparp, S.; Aslam, F. Compressive Strength Prediction Via Gene Expression Programming (GEP) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for Concrete Containing RCA. Buildings 2021, 11, 324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stempkowska, A.; Gawenda, T.; Naziemiec, Z.; Adam Ostrowski, K.; Saramak, D.; Surowiak, A. Impact of the Geometrical Parameters of Dolomite Coarse Aggregate on the Thermal and Mechanic Properties of Preplaced Aggregate Concrete. Materials 2020, 13, 4358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aggelis, D.G.; De Sutter, S.; Verbruggen, S.; Tsangouri, E.; Tysmans, T. Acoustic emission characterization of damage sources of lightweight hybrid concrete beams. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2019, 210, 181–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Becker, T.H.; Mostafavi, M.; Tait, R.B.; Marrow, T.J. An approach to calculate the J-integral by digital image correlation displacement field measurement. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 2012, 35, 971–984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mokhtarishirazabad, M.; Lopez-Crespo, P.; Zanganeh, M. Stress intensity factor monitoring under cyclic loading by digital image correlation. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 2018, 41, 2162–2171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Venkatachalam, S.; Mohiddin, S.M.K.; Murthy, H. Determination of damage evolution in CFRP subjected to cyclic loading using DIC. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 2018, 41, 1412–1425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, H.; Zhang, H.; Fu, D.; Kang, Y.; Huang, G.; Qu, C.; Cai, Z. Experimental study on damage evolution of rock under uniform and concentrated loading conditions using digital image correlation. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 2013, 36, 760–768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watanabe, T.; Nishibata, S.; Hashimoto, C.; Ohtsu, M. Compressive failure in concrete of recycled aggregate by acoustic emission. Constr. Build. Mater. 2007, 21, 470–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abouhussien, A.A.; Hassan, A.A.A. Acoustic emission monitoring for bond integrity evaluation of reinforced concrete under pull-out tests. Adv. Struct. Eng. 2016, 20, 1390–1405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sagar, R.V. Acoustic emission characteristics of reinforced concrete beams with varying percentage of tension steel reinforcement under flexural loading. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 2017, 6, 162–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farhidzadeh, A.; Mpalaskas, A.C.; Matikas, T.E.; Farhidzadeh, H.; Aggelis, D.G. Fracture mode identification in cementitious materials using supervised pattern recognition of acoustic emission features. Constr. Build. Mater. 2014, 67, 129–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, K.; Chen, B.; Yao, W. Study of the influence of aggregate size distribution on mechanical properties of concrete by acoustic emission technique. Cem. Concr. Res. 2001, 31, 919–923. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, W.; Guo, Z.; Niu, S.; Hou, J.; Zhang, F.; He, C. Mechanical properties and damage evolution behavior of coal–fired slag concrete under uniaxial compression based on acoustic emission monitoring technology. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2020, 9, 9537–9549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.Y.; Chen, Z.Z.; Wu, K. Properties of calcium sulfoaluminate cement made ultra-high performance concrete: Tensile performance, acoustic emission monitoring of damage evolution and microstructure. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 208, 767–779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, G.; Zhang, L.; Zhao, F.; Tang, J. Acoustic emission characteristics and damage mechanisms investigation of basalt fiber concrete with recycled aggregate. Materials 2020, 13, 4009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, Y.; Ying, L.; Kamel, M.M.A.; Wang, Y. Mesoscale fracture analysis of recycled aggregate concrete based on digital image processing technique. Struct. Concr. 2020, 22, E33–E47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, S.; Li, J.; Liu, Z.; Wang, W.; Niu, Y.; Ouyang, X. Study of flexural and crack propagation behavior of layered fiber-reinforced cementitious mortar using the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Materials 2021, 14, 4700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, Y.; Li, M.; Alquraishi, A.S.S.; Sun, H. Experimental study on the novel interface bond behavior between fiber-reinforced concrete and common concrete through 3D-DIC. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2021, 2021, 9090348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, Z.; Li, W.; Peng, Q.; Tam, V.W.Y.; Wang, K. Study on the failure mechanism of geopolymeric recycled concrete using digital image correlation method. J. Sustain. Cem. Based Mater. 2021, 11, 113–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pour, A.F.; Verma, R.K.; Nguyen, G.D.; Bui, H.H. Analysis of transition from diffuse to localized failure in sandstone and concrete using Digital Image correlation. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2022, 267, 108465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, W.; Xiao, J.; Sun, Z.; Shah, S.P. Failure processes of modeled recycled aggregate concrete under uniaxial compression. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2012, 34, 1149–1158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiangqian, F.; Shengtao, L.; Xudong, C.; Saisai, L.; Yuzhu, G. Fracture behaviour analysis of the full-graded concrete based on digital image correlation and acoustic emission technique. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 2020, 43, 1274–1289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.; Kanwal, H.; Tang, C.; Hao, W. Study on flexural properties of 3D printed lattice-reinforced concrete structures using acoustic emission and digital image correlation. Constr. Build. Mater. 2022, 333, 127418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, L.; Li, X.; Tao, M.; Dong, L. Mechanical behavior of rock-shotcrete interface under static and dynamic tensile loads. Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 2017, 65, 215–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moradian, Z.A.; Ballivy, G.; Rivard, P. Application of acoustic emission for monitoring shear behavior of bonded concrete–rock joints under direct shear test. Can. J. Civ. Eng. 2012, 39, 887–896. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caliskan, S.; Karihaloo, B.L.; Barr, B.I.G. Study of rock–mortar interfaces. Part II: Strength of interface. Mag. Concr. Res. 2002, 54, 463–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, J.; Shen, Y.; Yang, G.; Zhang, H.; Yang, H.; Zhou, Z. Debonding behaviors and micro-mechanism of the interface transition zone in sandstone-concrete interface in response to freeze-thaw conditions. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 2021, 191, 103359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, C.; Shi, B.; Zhou, J.; Tang, C. Quantification and characterization of microporosity by image processing, geometric measurement and statistical methods: Application on SEM images of clay materials. Appl. Clay Sci. 2011, 54, 97–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Branch, J.L.; Epps, R.; Kosson, D.S. The impact of carbonation on bulk and ITZ porosity in microconcrete materials with fly ash replacement. Cem. Concr. Res. 2018, 103, 170–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elsharief, A.; Cohen, M.D.; Olek, J. Influence of aggregate size, water cement ratio and age on the microstructure of the interfacial transition zone. Cem. Concr. Res. 2003, 33, 1837–1849. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, B.; Yan, L.; Fu, Q.; Kasal, B. A comprehensive review on recycled aggregate and recycled aggregate concrete. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2021, 171, 105565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristics | Fineness (mm) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Flexural Strength (MPa) | Setting Time (min) | Standard Consistency | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 d | 7 d | 3 d | 7 d | 3 d | 7 d | |||
Value | 0.03 | 29.2 | 85.1 | 5.2 | 8.4 | 180 | 370 | 30 |
Sieve Hole Size/mm | Sieve Margin/g | Fractional Sieve Margin/% | Total Sieve Margin/% |
---|---|---|---|
50 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
45 | 928 | 22.9 | 22.9 |
40 | 1884 | 47.2 | 70.1 |
35 | 1052 | 26.5 | 96.6 |
30 | 136 | 3.4 | 100 |
Type of Aggregate | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Shear Strength (MPa) | Young’s Modulus (MPa) | Apparent Density (kg·m−3) | Saturated Surface Water Absorption (%) | Fineness Module | ω (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basalt | 250 | 16 | 93 | 2710 | 0.32 | 3.0 | 13.2 |
Granite | 150 | 20 | 82 | 2950 | 0.35 | 2.7 | 14.1 |
Limestone | 75 | 17 | 61 | 2720 | 0.85 | 3.0 | 12.8 |
Group Number | Type of Aggregate | Mix Proportion (Unit Weight: kg/m3) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | Sand | Water | Aggregate | Water Reducing Agent | ||
MRB-1 | Basalt | 145 | 724 | 141 | 1512 | 1.62 |
MRB-2 | 145 | 724 | 141 | 2020 | 1.62 | |
MRG-1 | Granite | 145 | 724 | 141 | 1511 | 1.62 |
MRG-2 | 145 | 724 | 141 | 2021 | 1.62 | |
MRS-1 | Limestone | 145 | 724 | 141 | 1512 | 1.62 |
MRS-2 | 145 | 724 | 141 | 2022 | 1.62 |
Pixel | Capture Frequency | Difference Type | Search Radius | Iteration Threshold | Iteration Residual Threshold |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1960 × 1280 | 2 Hz | bilinear interpolation | 75 | 0.05 | 40 |
Therhold | Sampling Rate | PDT | HDT | HLT | High Pass On-Board Filter | Low Pass On-Board Filter |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
40 dB | 2.5 MHz | 100 μs | 300 μs | 300 μs | 100 kHz | 20 kHz |
Group | Peak Load (MPa) | Maximum Displacement (mm) | AE Characteristics |
---|---|---|---|
MRB-1 | 28.75 | 4.42 | Longer damage process, larger number of acoustic emission events |
MRB-2 | 28.29 | 4.45 | |
MRG-1 | 28.35 | 4.64 | Long damage process, large number of acoustic emission events |
MRG-2 | 27.48 | 4.63 | |
MRS-1 | 21.49 | 3.58 | Short damage process, small number of acoustic emission events |
MRS-2 | 19.23 | 3.53 |
Group | MRB-1 | MRG-1 | MRL-1 |
---|---|---|---|
Hole Ratio/% | 21.29 | 18.70 | 30.00 |
Diameter/μm | 32.85 | 31.07 | 43.16 |
Perimeter/μm | 114.44 | 97.02 | 169.41 |
Fractal Dimension | 1.17 | 1.21 | 1.19 |
Shape Factor | 0.45 | 0.33 | 0.38 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Li, Z.-Q.; Chen, H.; Dong, J.; Yan, X.; Zhao, S.-R.; Zheng, Y.-H.; Liu, Y. Study of the Failure Mechanism of Mortar Rubble Using Digital Image Correlation, Acoustic Emission and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Buildings 2022, 12, 1313. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091313
Li Z-Q, Chen H, Dong J, Yan X, Zhao S-R, Zheng Y-H, Liu Y. Study of the Failure Mechanism of Mortar Rubble Using Digital Image Correlation, Acoustic Emission and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Buildings. 2022; 12(9):1313. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091313
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zhao-Qi, Hongyun Chen, Jie Dong, Xin Yan, Shi-Rong Zhao, Ying-Hao Zheng, and Yang Liu. 2022. "Study of the Failure Mechanism of Mortar Rubble Using Digital Image Correlation, Acoustic Emission and Scanning Electron Microscopy" Buildings 12, no. 9: 1313. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091313