Typology of Latvian Churches and Preliminary Study on Indoor Air Temperature and Moisture Behavior
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Creation of a Typology of Cult Buildings
3.2. The Influence of Outdoor Air Humidity on the Indoor Microclimate
- From 13 October 2021 to 27 December 2021 and from 10 January 2022 to 7 July 2022—Krimulda church, with exterior masonry walls and both brick and wooden vaulted ceilings. The Krimulda Church is a popular tourist attraction in Latvia, and its doors are open to tourists 24 h a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year, which could give complete assurance about the influence of outdoor air humidity on the indoor climate. The church is located 45 km from Riga to the East.
- From 10 January 2022 to 7 July 2022—the Turaida church, with exterior walls of wooden logs and a wooden covered ceiling, is located in the territory of the Turaida Museum Reserve and is open six days a week for museum visitors from 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. The church is located 47 km from Riga to the East.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Typology of Cult Buildings
- Spatial planning assuming that single span, two-span, three-span, cross and central churches will have different air flows, which requires further research and comparisons of air flow simulations. Additionally, it was found that out of 245 masonry churches, 29 churches have a partition wall between the altar room and the hall, which has a large-sized arch that is narrower than the altar room (Table 2). This type of partition wall with an arch can also create additional obstacles to air flow;
Churches Building Period | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Building Body Type | Total | 13 c. | 14 c. | 15 c. | 16 c. | 17 c. | 18 c. | 19 c. | 20 c. | 21 c. |
59 | ||||||||||
Single span | 238 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 41 | 52 | 85 | 37 | 3 |
Two-span | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 2 | - |
Three-span | 23 | 3 | - | - | 1 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 2 | - |
Cross | 8 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | - | |
Central | 4 | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2 | - | - |
Incl. wooden | 26 |
Churches Building Period | Separating Wall with Arch |
---|---|
13 c. | 6 |
14 c. | - |
15 c. | 2 |
16 c. | 5 |
17 c. | 13 |
18 c. | 2 |
19 c. | 1 |
- The construction period; since the 13th and 14th centuries, wall thicknesses for masonry churches are greater than for 19th century buildings. In the 19th century, brick was more widely used (see Table 3). The thermal conductivity λ of the enclosing structures was determined in accordance with the building code of Latvia [28]. The types of enclosing structures in churches of the 20th and 21st centuries are very numerous and different, but none of the churches of this period have the status of cultural and historical heritage, and therefore were not included in this study;
Wall Constructions, Thick (m), λ (W/m·K) | Ceilings Constructions, Thick (m), λ (W/m·K) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Churches Building Period | Brick/Stone (Homogeneous) | Wood (Homogeneous) | Wood (Inhomogeneous) | Brick Vault (Homogeneous) |
13.gs. | 1.5 m–2 m 0.87 (W/m·K) | - | - | 0.15 m 0.8 (W/m·K) |
14.gs. | 1.5 m–2 m 0.87 (W/m·K) | - | - | 0.15 m 0.8 (W/m·K) |
15.gs. | 1.5 m–2 m 0.87 (W/m·K) | - | 0.2 m 0.1–0.3 (W/m·K) | 0.14 m 0.8 (W/m·K) |
16.gs. | 1.5 m–2 m 0.87 (W/m·K) | - | 0.2 m 0.1–0.3 (W/m·K) | 0.14 m 0.8 (W/m·K) |
17.gs. | 1.2 m–1.5 mm 0.87 (W/m·K) | 0.2 m 0.13 (W/m·K) | 0.2 m 0.1–0.3 (W/m·K) | 0.14 m 0.8 (W/m·K) |
18.gs. | 1.0 m–1.5 mm 0.87 (W/m·K) | 0.2 0.13 (W/m·K) | 0.2 m 0.1–0.3 (W/m·K) | 0.13 m 0.8 (W/m·K) |
19.gs. | 0.8 m–1.0 mm 0.87 (W/m·K) | 0.2 m 0.13 (W/m·K) | 0.2 m 0.1–0.3 (W/m·K) | 0.12 m 0.8 (W/m·K) |
20.gs. | different | different | different | different |
21.gs. | different | different | different | different |
- In all churches, the ceiling of the altar and hall rooms serve as a barrier structure to the outside air. Surveys have found that the enclosing ceiling construction can be divided into three types (Table 4): a brick masonry vaulted ceiling, which is a homogeneous structure, a wooden vaulted ceiling, which is a non-homogeneous structure, and a straight wooden ceiling, which is also a non-homogeneous wooden structure.
Room | Ceilings from Wood Construction Vault | Ceilings from Brick Vault | Straight Wooden Ceiling |
---|---|---|---|
Altar room | 103 | 43 | 129 |
Parish room | 107 | 29 | 139 |
4.2. Moisture
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Metals, M.; Palcikovskis, A.; Borodinecs, A.; Lesinskis, A. Typology of Latvian Churches and Preliminary Study on Indoor Air Temperature and Moisture Behavior. Buildings 2022, 12, 1396. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091396
Metals M, Palcikovskis A, Borodinecs A, Lesinskis A. Typology of Latvian Churches and Preliminary Study on Indoor Air Temperature and Moisture Behavior. Buildings. 2022; 12(9):1396. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091396
Chicago/Turabian StyleMetals, Martins, Arturs Palcikovskis, Anatolijs Borodinecs, and Arturs Lesinskis. 2022. "Typology of Latvian Churches and Preliminary Study on Indoor Air Temperature and Moisture Behavior" Buildings 12, no. 9: 1396. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091396