Weathering Mechanisms of Porous Marl Stones in Coastal Environments and Evaluation of Conservation Treatments as Potential Adaptation Action for Facing Climate Change Impact
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Seasonal Quantification of Salt Transition Events
2.2. Stone Samples and Conservation Materials
2.3. Conservation Products-Application Procedure
2.4. Physicochemical Characterization
2.5. Accelerating Aging Test
3. Results
3.1. Identification of Weathering Phenomena
3.2. Seasonal Quantification of Salt Transition Events
3.3. Mineralogical and Microstructural Characterization
3.4. Evaluation of Conservation Treatments
3.5. Durability against Salt Weathering
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Both in situ and laboratory examination of the archaeological weathered stone samples of the Hellenistic theater of Zea highlighted water and soluble salts (NaCl) as the key parameters for the vulnerability of marly limestone.
- Past and current climate data indicated the continuous presence of an elevated number of annual crystallization events that maintain a very high risk for the natural stones of the Zea theater.
- The microstructural characteristics of the natural stone, such as the mesoporous structure characterized by low porous connectivity, contribute to the enhancement of the weathering phenomena, induced mainly by either the deposition of salts on the superficial layers or the absorption and circulation of water of high salt content inside the stone mass, enhanced by the microclimate conditions of the outdoor monument. The presence of swelling clays proved to increase the susceptibility of the marly limestone to water.
- In terms of adhesion, the two silane-based consolidants BS OH 100 and KSE 300HV present sufficient adhesion with the silicatic stone components, whereas the two water repellents FUNCOSIL SL and BS 1001 proved to form a non-continuous hydrophobic film in-between grains and inside the pores. The consolidant KSE 300HV and the two water repellents FUNCOSIL SL and BS 1001 proved to enhance the durability of the stone against salt weathering and to reduce the open porosity of the stone samples, improving the internal cohesion of the stone mass.
- Consolidation and hydrophobicity treatments proved to have a beneficial effect on the durability against salts crystallization, while the consolidant KSE 300HV and the two water repellents FUNCOSIL SL and BS 1001 exhibited the most promising results. The results suggested that a future in situ application of the conservation treatments should be implemented homogenously in order to avoid the presence of weathering phenomena induced on the untreated part of the stones.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Open Porosity % | Mean Pore Radius (μm) | Mode Pore Radius (μm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
High Pressure | Low Pressure | High Pressure | Low Pressure | ||
S_01 | 19.5 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.002 | - |
S_02 | 22.2 | 0.04 | 50.35 | 0.02 | 5.35 |
S_03 | 22.7 | 0.09 | 23.35 | 0.024 | 5.36 |
S_04 | 25.6 | 0.05 | 14.63 | 0.003 | 5.35 |
S_05 | 37.9 | 0.08 | 57.75 | 0.011 | 7.078 |
S_06 | 22.2 | 0.08 | 47.11 | 0.015 | 6.313 |
S_07 | 29.7 | 0.03 | 13.58 | 0.002 | 5.340 |
Samples | Capillary Water Absorption Coefficient (Acap) (kg/m2 s0.5) | Conducti-vity (mS/cm) | 3 Point Bending Strength (Mpa) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | |
S_01 | 0.02 | 3.5 | 12 | 62.1 | |
S_02 | 0.09 | 4.4 | 1.8 | 32.8 | |
S_03 | 0.11 | 1.5 | 5.5 | 29 | |
S_04 | 0.13 | 0.8 | 4 | 18.9 | |
S_05 | 0.07 | 0.4 | - | 5.7 | |
S_06 | 0.07 | 0.8 | 3.8 | 14.6 | |
S_07 | 0.04 | - | 5.4 | 46.5 |
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Michalopoulou, A.; Markantonis, I.; Vlachogiannis, D.; Sfetsos, A.; Kilikoglou, V.; Karatasios, I. Weathering Mechanisms of Porous Marl Stones in Coastal Environments and Evaluation of Conservation Treatments as Potential Adaptation Action for Facing Climate Change Impact. Buildings 2023, 13, 198. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010198
Michalopoulou A, Markantonis I, Vlachogiannis D, Sfetsos A, Kilikoglou V, Karatasios I. Weathering Mechanisms of Porous Marl Stones in Coastal Environments and Evaluation of Conservation Treatments as Potential Adaptation Action for Facing Climate Change Impact. Buildings. 2023; 13(1):198. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010198
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichalopoulou, Anastasia, Iason Markantonis, Diamando Vlachogiannis, Athanasios Sfetsos, Vassilis Kilikoglou, and Ioannis Karatasios. 2023. "Weathering Mechanisms of Porous Marl Stones in Coastal Environments and Evaluation of Conservation Treatments as Potential Adaptation Action for Facing Climate Change Impact" Buildings 13, no. 1: 198. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010198