Behavior of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels Made from Fibre-Managed Eucalyptus nitens under Short-Term Serviceability Loads
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To determine the maximum deflection of E. nitens CLT with different configurations under serviceability loads;
- To determine the fundamental natural frequency and damping ratio of E. nitens CLT with different configurations;
- To determine the maximum span of E. nitens CLT to comply with a criterion of first mode vibration frequency above 8 Hz with no furniture or floor coverings;
- To compare the serviceability performance of E. nitens CLT with Spruce CLT.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Timber Resource and Properties
2.2. CLT Configurations and Manufacturing
2.3. Description of Experimental Tests
2.3.1. Static Bending Tests
2.3.2. Vibration Tests
3. Results
3.1. Experimental and Theoretical Bending Stiffness
3.2. Mid-Span Deflections under Serviceability Loading
3.3. Dynamic Responses
4. Discussion
Further Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Eucalyptus nitens Boards | |
---|---|
± StdDev (kg/m3) | 517.5 ± 45.2 |
± StdDev (kg/m3) | 524.0 ± 45.7 |
Mean moisture content, MC ± StdDev (%) | 9.7% ± 0.4 |
Group | Name | MOE (GPa) ± StdDev |
---|---|---|
1 | High | 13.1 ± 0.81 |
2 | Medium | 10.6 ± 0.67 |
3 | Low | 8.3 ± 0.17 |
Species | Panel Code | Lamination Grade from Top to Bottom | Average MOEs of Individual Layers (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|
E. nitens | HLH1 | High Low High | 13.2 8.4 13.2 |
HLH2 | |||
HLH3 | |||
HLH4 | |||
MLM1 | Medium Low Medium | 10.6 8.4 10.6 | |
MLM2 | |||
MLM3 | |||
MLM4 | |||
MMM1 | Medium Medium Medium | 10.6 10.6 10.6 | |
MMM2 | |||
MMM3 | |||
MMM4 | |||
Spruce | S1 | Strength Class C24 1 | |
S2 |
Species | Configuration | Apparent MOE (GPa) | (N·mm2 × 1011) | (N·mm2 × 1011) | (N·mm2 × 1011) | (N × 106) | (N·mm2 × 1011) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equations | (1) | MOE × I | (2) | (3) | (5) | (4) | |
E. nitens | HLH1 | 11.3 | 2.90 | 2.93 | 3.06 | 1.95 | 1.88 |
HLH2 | 10.9 | 2.81 | 2.83 | 3.11 | 1.95 | 1.90 | |
HLH3 | 11.7 | 3.00 | 3.03 | 3.07 | 1.95 | 1.88 | |
HLH4 | 11.5 | 2.96 | 2.99 | 3.10 | 1.95 | 1.90 | |
MLM1 | 9.0 | 2.33 | 2.32 | 2.48 | 1.92 | 1.63 | |
MLM2 | 9.7 | 2.50 | 2.50 | 2.47 | 1.92 | 1.63 | |
MLM3 | 9.1 | 2.33 | 2.33 | 2.48 | 1.92 | 1.63 | |
MLM4 | 9.0 | 2.31 | 2.31 | 2.49 | 1.92 | 1.64 | |
MMM1 | 9.7 | 2.49 | 2.49 | 2.49 | 2.39 | 1.76 | |
MMM2 | 9.4 | 2.42 | 2.42 | 2.48 | 2.39 | 1.75 | |
MMM3 | 9.3 | 2.39 | 2.39 | 2.47 | 2.39 | 1.75 | |
MMM4 | 9.5 | 2.46 | 2.45 | 2.49 | 2.39 | 1.75 | |
Spruce | S1 | 8.3 | 2.01 | 1.96 | 2.57 | 2.48 | 1.82 |
S2 | 7.5 | 1.81 | 1.78 |
Configuration | 1.25 kN Serviceability Load | 1.83 kN Serviceability Load | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental Results | Theoretical Results | VAR (%) | Experimental Results | Theoretical Results | VAR (%) | |
HLH | 0.51 | 0.52 | 1.96 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 1.28 |
MLM | 0.60 | 0.61 | 1.67 | 0.94 | 0.92 | −2.13 |
MMM | 0.55 | 0.58 | 5.45 | 0.89 | 0.87 | −2.25 |
Spruce | 0.78 | 0.55 | −29.5 | 1.22 | 0.84 | −31.15 |
Species | Configuration | (N·mm2 × 1011) | μ (kg/m) | λ1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
E. nitens | HLH | 1.89 | 12.6 | 0.79 |
MLM | 1.63 | 11.8 | 0.76 | |
MMM | 1.75 | 12.0 | 0.70 | |
Spruce | S | 1.82 | 10.2 | 0.68 |
Species | Configuration | Experimental Results (Hz) | Theoretical Results (Hz) | Variations (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
E. nitens | HLH | 41.0 | 40.8 | −0.5 |
MLM | 37.5 | 37.8 | −0.8 | |
MMM | 35.8 | 35.7 | −0.3 | |
Spruce | S | 38.4 | 38.4 | - |
Species | Configuration | Maximum Span (m) | Addition Length Compared to Spruce CLT (%) |
---|---|---|---|
E. nitens | HLH | 4.4 | 4.8 |
MLM | 4.2 | 0.0 | |
MMM | 4.1 | −0.2 | |
Spruce | S | 4.2 | - |
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Liang, Y.; Taoum, A.; Kotlarewski, N.; Chan, A.; Holloway, D. Behavior of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels Made from Fibre-Managed Eucalyptus nitens under Short-Term Serviceability Loads. Buildings 2023, 13, 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010245
Liang Y, Taoum A, Kotlarewski N, Chan A, Holloway D. Behavior of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels Made from Fibre-Managed Eucalyptus nitens under Short-Term Serviceability Loads. Buildings. 2023; 13(1):245. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010245
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang, Yingwei, Assaad Taoum, Nathan Kotlarewski, Andrew Chan, and Damien Holloway. 2023. "Behavior of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels Made from Fibre-Managed Eucalyptus nitens under Short-Term Serviceability Loads" Buildings 13, no. 1: 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010245