Reusing Dredged Material through Stabilization with So-Called Bio-Enzyme Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical Toxicity Tests
2.2. Untreated Dredged Material
2.3. Effect of Stabilization on Physical Properties
2.3.1. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS)
2.3.2. Consistency Limits
2.3.3. Compaction Characteristics
2.4. Field Study
2.4.1. Road Test Lanes
2.4.2. Moisture–Density Relation and Cracking Behavior
2.4.3. California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
2.5. Statistical Study
2.5.1. ANOVA of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
2.5.2. ANOVA of the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS)
2.5.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample Preparation and Testing
3.2. Field Test
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analyte | Concentration (mg/L) | Reporting Limit (mg/L) |
---|---|---|
Antimony | <0.100 | 0.100 |
Arsenic | <0.050 | 0.050 |
Barium | 0.147 | 0.050 |
Beryllium | <0.050 | 0.050 |
Cadmium | <0.050 | 0.050 |
Chromium | <0.050 | 0.050 |
Lead | <0.250 | 0.250 |
Nickel | <0.050 | 0.050 |
Selenium | <0.050 | 0.050 |
Silver | <0.050 | 0.050 |
Tests Conducted | Property Description | 5C Combined |
---|---|---|
Particle Size | F200 | 93.5 |
% of Clay | 56.8 | |
% of Silt | 36.7 | |
% of Sand | 6.5 | |
UCS (kPa) | 258.4 | |
Unit Weight (kN/m3) | 11.59 | |
Moisture Content (%) | 57 | |
Specific Gravity (g/cm3) | 2.68 | |
Hydraulic Conductivity | 9.70 × 10−8 | |
Organic Content | 2.85 | |
Proctor | γd,max (kN/m) | 13.86 |
ωopt (%) | 29 | |
Atterberg Limits (%) | Liquid Limit | 80 |
Plastic Limit | 28 | |
Plasticity Index | 52 |
Reference | No. | Soil ID | S.G. | UCS | LL % | PI % | Fine Fraction% | Sand Fraction% | Gravel% | CBR | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
g/cm3 | kPa | psi | Clay | Silt | Fine | Coarse | |||||||
(Milburn and Parsons 2004) [17] | 1 | Stevens Soil (SM) | 2.68 | 150 | 21.76 | 20 | 3 | 30 | 70 | - | - | ||
(Venkatasubramanian et al., 2011) [61] | 2 | Soil III | 2.38 | 92 | 13.34 | 30 | 5 | 12.5 | 10.9 | 67.4 | 9.2 | 4.48 | |
3 | Soil II | 2.11 | 182 | 26.40 | 28 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 82 | 6 | 7.5 | ||
4 | Soil I | 2.25 | 115 | 16.68 | 46 | 6 | 20 | 20 | 41.6 | 18.4 | 9 | ||
(Milburn and Parsons 2004) [17] | 5 | Atwood Soil (ML) | 2.75 | 219.52 | 31.84 | 30 | 7 | 88 | 12 | 0 | - | ||
(Marasteanu et al., 2005) [30] | 6 | Soil II | _ | 269.93 | 39.15 | 25.8 | 9.4 | 14.5 | 45.5 | 40 | - | ||
(Shankar et al., 2009) [50] | 7 | Lateric Soil + Sand | 2.45 | 142 | 20.60 | 35 | 10 | 2 | 29 | 50 | 19 | 8 | |
(Milburn and Parsons 2004) [17] | 8 | Hugoton Soil | 2.69 | 308.9 | 44.80 | 35 | 16 | 66 | 34 | 0 | - | ||
(Ramesh and Sagar 2015) [49] | 9 | Red Earth-CL | 2.59 | 414 | 60.05 | 39 | 17 | 18.24 | 45.76 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
(Khan and Taha 2015) [47] | 10 | UKM Soil-CL | 1.75 | 269 | 39.02 | 42.3 | 19.5 | 29.6 | - | - | - | - | - |
(Nandini et al., 2015) [43] | 11 | Red Soil | 2.67 | 82.6 | 11.98 | 31.5 | 19.9 | 71 | 29 | 0 | - | ||
(Sen and Singh 2015) [44] | 12 | Black Cotton-CH | 2.48 | 346.17 | 50.21 | 61.4 | 27.4 | 68.7 | 20.87 | 10.43 | 0 | 2.86 | |
Present Study | 13 | Field Soil/CH-fat clay | 2.65 | _ | _ | 64 | 45 | 40 | 52 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Present Study | 14 | DM-CH | 2.68 | 258.42 | 37.48 | 80 | 52 | 56.8 | 36.7 | 5.3 | 1.2 | 0 | - |
(Marasteanu et al., 2005) [30] | 15 | Soil I | 2.728 | 432.58 | 62.74 | 84.9 | 52 | 75 | 21 | 4 | 0 | - | - |
Parameter | Coefficient | Standard Error | p-Value | Model Properties |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −1.272 | 0.278 | <0.001 | |
Curing time (days) | 0.120 | 0.008 | <0.001 | |
Dused/Drec | 1.049 | 0.182 | <0.001 | |
(Dused/Drec) × (Clay fraction) | −0.600 | 0.147 | <0.001 | |
R2 | 0.85 | |||
Observations | 55 |
Parameter | Coefficient | Standard Error | p-Value | Model Properties |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −4.998 | 1.281 | <0.001 | |
Fine fraction | 4.103 | 1.573 | 0.012 | |
Clay fraction | 2.885 | 0.572 | <0.001 | |
Dused/Drec | 2.092 | 0.255 | <0.001 | |
LL | −0.022 | 0.002 | <0.001 | |
Curing time (day) | 0.823 | 0.075 | <0.001 | |
Fine fraction × Curing time | −0.788 | 0.075 | <0.001 | |
Clay fraction × Dused/Drec | −2.097 | 0.308 | <0.001 | |
LL × Curing time | −0.004 | 0.001 | <0.001 | |
PI × Curing time | 0.005 | 0.001 | <0.001 | |
R2 | 0.90 | |||
Observations | 66 |
Type of Test | Testing Method |
---|---|
Material Passing Sieve No. 200 | (ASTM D1140) |
Moisture Content of Soil | (ASTM D2216) |
Grain Size Analysis including Hydrometer | (ASTM D422) |
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil | (ASTM D2166) |
Specific Gravity of Soil | (ASTM D854) |
Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit | (ASTM D4318) |
Standard Compaction (Proctor) Effort | (ASTM D698) |
Organic Content Ignition Oven Method | (ASTM D2974) |
Unit Weight (Density) of Soil Specimens | (ASTM D7263) |
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Rabbanifar, S.; Nguyen, T.T.M.; Qian, Q.; Brake, N.A.; Kibodeaux, K.; Crochet, H.E.; Oruji, S.; Whitt, R.L.; Farrow, J.S.; Belaire, B.G.; et al. Reusing Dredged Material through Stabilization with So-Called Bio-Enzyme Products. Buildings 2023, 13, 2618. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102618
Rabbanifar S, Nguyen TTM, Qian Q, Brake NA, Kibodeaux K, Crochet HE, Oruji S, Whitt RL, Farrow JS, Belaire BG, et al. Reusing Dredged Material through Stabilization with So-Called Bio-Enzyme Products. Buildings. 2023; 13(10):2618. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102618
Chicago/Turabian StyleRabbanifar, Saeed, Thi Thuy Minh Nguyen, Qin Qian, Nicholas A. Brake, Kyle Kibodeaux, Harold E. Crochet, Soheil Oruji, Remington L. Whitt, Joshua S. Farrow, Brandon G. Belaire, and et al. 2023. "Reusing Dredged Material through Stabilization with So-Called Bio-Enzyme Products" Buildings 13, no. 10: 2618. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102618