Advancing the Circular Economy: Reusing Hybrid Bio-Waste-Based Gypsum for Sustainable Building Insulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Experimental Test Methods
2.4.1. Physical Properties
- Density
- Total water absorption
- Ultrasonic pulse velocity
2.4.2. Mechanical Properties
- Flexural strength
- Compressive strength
2.4.3. Thermophysical Properties
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physical Properties
3.2. Mechanical Properties
3.3. Thermophysical Properties
3.4. ANOVA Analysis
3.4.1. Validation of Statistical Models
3.4.2. Effects of Wastes on Gypsum Properties
4. Conclusions
- Incorporating 20 wt. % of each waste (ouate and wood shavings) reduces the density of the composites by up to 50%. This reduction in density has a strong correlation with an increase in the water absorption rate and a decrease in ultrasonic toughness. The ultrasonic pulse velocities decrease by 83%, and the water absorption increases by 72%.
- The addition of these wastes significantly reduces the mechanical properties of the composites, both for compressive and flexural strengths. However, the materials meet the requirement for use as interior insulation materials.
- When compared to the reference sample, the thermal properties of bio-based gypsum are significantly improved. Moreover, the thermal conductivity decreases with the increased percentage of wood shavings incorporated into the gypsum matrix. Adding 20 wt. % of ouate and wood shavings to gypsum creates a composite material with improved thermophysical properties, such as a 57% reduction in thermal conductivity.
- The utilization of ANOVA in this study enables us to assess the significance of the impact of the waste used on the observed variations in sample properties, providing a robust and reliable statistical analysis. Additionally, the proposed models accurately depict the experimental results, as evidenced by the R2 coefficients approaching one. Consequently, we can estimate the outcomes for other waste percentages without conducting additional experimental work, which is particularly valuable for predictive purposes.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Purity | >94% | |
Bulk density | >600 g/L | |
Flexural strength (MPa) | 2 h 7 days | >1.5 >3 |
Surface hardness (N/mm2) | 2 h 7 days | >4 >10 |
Sample Numbers | Sample Designation | Gypsum (wt. %) | Ouate Waste (wt. %) | Wood Shavings (wt. %) |
---|---|---|---|---|
REF | 100 | 0 | 0 | |
1 | O35W5 | 60 | 35 | 5 |
2 | O30W10 | 30 | 10 | |
3 | O25W15 | 25 | 15 | |
4 | O20W20 | 20 | 20 |
Factor | Code | Unit | Levels | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Level | High Level | |||
OW | X1 | wt. % | 0 | 35 |
SW | X2 | wt. % | 0 | 20 |
Source of Variation | SS | Df | MS | F-Value | Signif. (%) | ηp2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DENSITY: R2 = 0.99; R2(Adj) = 0.99 | ||||||
Regression | 1.81 × 10−1 | 3 | 6.03 × 10−2 | 24,635.2 | ** | 0.99 |
Residual | 2.45 × 10−6 | 1 | 2.45 × 10−6 | |||
Total | 1.81 × 10−1 | 4 | ||||
WATER ABSORPTION: R2 = 0.99; R2(Adj) = 0.98 | ||||||
Regression | 3.28 × 103 | 3 | 1.09 × 103 | 3803.8 | * | 0.99 |
Residual | 2.88 × 10−1 | 1 | 2.88 × 10−1 | |||
Total | 3.28 × 103 | 4 | ||||
ULTRASOUND VELOCITY: R2 = 0.99; R2(Adj) = 0.99 | ||||||
Regression | 2.66 × 106 | 3 | 8.87 × 105 | 18,462.9 | ** | 0.99 |
Residual | 4.80 × 101 | 1 | 4.80 × 101 | |||
Total | 2.66 × 106 | 14 |
Source of Variation | SS | Df | MS | F-Value | Signif. (%) | ηp2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FLEXURAL STRENGTH: R2 = 1.00; R2(Adj) = 0.99 | ||||||
Regression | 3.75 | 3 | 1.25 | 866.2 | * | 0.99 |
Residual | 0.0014 | 1 | 0.0014 | |||
Total | 3.75 | 4 | ||||
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH: R2 = 0.99; R2(Adj) = 0.99 | ||||||
Regression | 11.52 | 3 | 3.84 | 505.1 | * | 0.99 |
Residual | 0.0076 | 1 | 0.0076 | |||
Total | 11.53 | 4 | ||||
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY: R2 = 0.99; R2(Adj) = 0.99 | ||||||
Regression | 4.02 × 10−2 | 3 | 1.34 × 10−2 | 67,061.7 | ** | 0.99 |
Residual | 2.00 × 10−7 | 1 | 2.00 × 10−7 | |||
Total | 4.02 × 10−2 | 14 |
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Balti, S.; Boudenne, A.; Belayachi, N.; Dammak, L.; Hamdi, N. Advancing the Circular Economy: Reusing Hybrid Bio-Waste-Based Gypsum for Sustainable Building Insulation. Buildings 2023, 13, 2939. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122939
Balti S, Boudenne A, Belayachi N, Dammak L, Hamdi N. Advancing the Circular Economy: Reusing Hybrid Bio-Waste-Based Gypsum for Sustainable Building Insulation. Buildings. 2023; 13(12):2939. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122939
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalti, Sameh, Abderrahim Boudenne, Naima Belayachi, Lasâad Dammak, and Noureddine Hamdi. 2023. "Advancing the Circular Economy: Reusing Hybrid Bio-Waste-Based Gypsum for Sustainable Building Insulation" Buildings 13, no. 12: 2939. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122939