Ensuring the Authenticity of the Conservation and Reuse of Modern Industrial Heritage Architecture: A Case Study of the Large Machine Factory, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology and Materials
2.1. Methodology
2.2. Materials
2.2.1. Brief History
2.2.2. Functional Characteristics of the LMF
2.2.3. Structural Characteristics of the LMF
2.2.4. Façade Characteristics of LMF
2.2.5. Judgment of Authenticity
3. Responding to the Authenticity of Protective Restoration and Reuse Strategies
3.1. Principles
3.2. Comprehensive Inspection
3.2.1. Preliminary Judgment of the Scene
3.2.2. Nondestructive Testing of Materials
- Masonry: The main material of the load-bearing wall is gray clay bricks, with specifications of 315 mm × 150 mm × 65 mm. The compressive strength of the brick masonry was measured using the rebound method. Ten bricks of each longitudinal wall were taken, of which five bricks were from the first and second floors, and the average rebound value of the ten bricks was calculated.
- Mortar: Without the areas of vertical joints, door and window openings, for 10 bricks horizontal to the mortar layer, the depth of each shot hole was measured. The two deepest mortar joints with a thickness greater than 7 mm were measured on-site, and they were rubbed with sandpaper to remove superficial mortar. An SJY800 (Shaoxing Tianyun Instrument and Equipment Co., Shaoxing, China) penetrometer was used to drive the nails into the shallowest joints, and values were removed to calculate the average of the remaining six shot-hole depths.
- Cast iron: A 1 m long specimen was taken from a discarded cast iron pull rod.
- Wood moisture content: The main wood members were sampled for on-site tests, and the moisture content was 7% according to an electronic moisture meter (model XSD-18, Shanghai Longtop Instrument Co., Shanghai, China).
3.2.3. Review and Analysis of the Load-Bearing Capacity of the Main Structure
- The standard values of the compressive and tensile strength of cast iron are 405 MPa and 325 MPa, respectively. Wood strength value was taken according to the Code for Design of Timber Structures [52]; the reduction coefficient value suggested in the Technical Standard for Maintenance and Strengthening of Historical Timber Building [53] was also considered. According to the ANSYS analysis [54], the load-bearing capacity of the combined beam and roof truss basically met the requirements of the current national standards [55].
3.3. Safety Grade Assessment
3.4. Repair and Reuse
3.4.1. Preventive Reinforcement of the Foundation
3.4.2. Supplementary Reinforcement of the Main Structure
3.4.3. Restoration of the Historical Façade
3.4.4. Adaptive Reuse
3.4.5. Setting Conservation and Repair
4. Discussion
4.1. New Understandings of the Intervention Principles of Authenticity in Specific Contexts
- Preventive: Threats to the durability of the original construction from future use should be considered, and preventive reinforcement measures at key nodes should be appropriately carried out.
- Identifiability: The added or replaced parts should be easily distinguishable from the original construction, including style, color, material, and combination methods.
- Concealment: Unavoidable reinforcement and repair parts should be handled in a concealed manner to prioritize the presentation of the core characteristics of the building.
- Supplementary: New intervention techniques should follow the scientific logic of the original techniques and not change the original structural system or mechanical methods. The new one should be an independent, complete and reversible system.
- Intertextuality: Except for elements restored as is, new protective repair measures and functions should reflect contemporary features in a concise form that serves as a reference to traditional techniques, guiding the public to read and understand the past in clear contrast.
4.2. Authenticity Representation of Combining Original Construction and Contemporary Intervention
4.3. Crisis and Practice with Generalized Interpretations of Authenticity
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Facade | Wall | String Beam | End of Beam | Timber | Joint of Roof Truss |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ratio of Resistance to Effect (a) | ||
---|---|---|
Axis Number | 1st Floor | 2nd Floor |
Parameter: G1 = 10,799.1 KN, F1 = 565.0 KN, V1 = 1161.1 KN, LD = 7.0, GD = 3.0, M = 1.2, MU = 10.0 | Parameter: G2 = 6276.6 KN, F2 = 596.0 KN, V2 = 596.0 KN, LD = 7.0, GD = 3.0, M = 1.2, MU = 10.0 | |
A (①)~A (⑭) | 3.94, 2.17, 2.60, 2.26, 2.26, 2.26, 2.60, 2.60, 2.26, 2.26, 2.26, 2.26, 1.93, 3.94 | 5.96, 2.98, 4.17, 4.17, 4.17, 4.17, 4.17, 4.17, 4.17, 4.17, 4.17, 4.17, 2.98, 5.96 |
C (①)~C (⑭) | 3.91, 1.94, 2.30, 2.30, 2.30, 2.65, 2.60, 2.25, 2.30, 2.30, 2.30, 2.65, 2.18, 3.91 | 5.84, 3.58, 3.69, 3.69, 3.69, 3.69, 4.21, 4.21, 3.69, 3.69, 3.69, 3.69, 3.58, 5.84 |
① (A)~① (C) | 2.38, 1.08, 3.03, 1.08, 2.40 | 2.72, 1.34, 1.80, 1.34, 2.72 |
⑭ (A)~⑭ (C) | 1.83, 0.85, 0.93, 0.85, 1.83 | 2.72, 1.34, 1.80, 1.34, 2.72 |
Ratio of Resistance to Load Effect (b) | ||
Axis Number | 1st Floor | 2nd Floor |
A (①)~A (⑭) | 1.6, 1.45, 1.35, 1.45, 1.45, 1.45, 1.35, 1.35, 1.45, 1.45, 1.45, 1.45, 1.53, 1.60 | 4.09, 3.96, 3.81, 3.81, 3.81, 3.81, 3.81, 3.81, 3.81, 3.81, 3.81, 3.81, 3.96, 4.09 |
C (①)~C (⑭) | 1.70, 1.58, 1.45, 1.45, 1.45, 1.35, 1.42, 1.52, 1.45, 1.45, 1.45, 1.35, 1.49, 1.70 | 4.07, 3.94, 3.81, 3.81, 3.81, 3.81, 3.54, 3.54, 3.81, 3.81, 3.81, 3.81, 3.94, 4.07 |
① (A)~① (C) | 4.21, 1.44, 4.21, 1.42, 4.21 | 6.96, 6.80, 5.73, 5.85, 6.96 |
⑭ (A)~⑭ (C) | 2.37, 2.31, 2.24, 2.31, 2.37 | 6.96, 6.80, 5.73, 5.85, 6.96 |
Conditions | Unit Level | Result | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall structure |
| Cu | Csu | |
Foundation |
| Bu | ||
Upper load bearing structure | Brick wall |
| Cu | |
Cast iron column |
| Bu | ||
String beams |
| Bu | ||
Roof truss |
| Bu | ||
General components |
| Bu |
Prerequisites | Respect for historical facts and the original cultural context in which the building was constructed. Scientific contemporary interventions are as essential as the preservation of historical information. |
Level 1 | Investigation: assess core building through prudent historical research and evaluate durability and safety. |
Level 2 | Material preservation: Identify the material elements that express core characteristics, such as form, structure, materials, decoration, etc., which are prioritized to be preserved and shown. Select scientific intervention techniques, including nondestructive testing, safety assessment, targeted restoration or repair, and replacement. The application of traditional technologies needs to be considered, and new technologies and materials are considered for the part identified for reconstruction. |
Level 3 | Conservation and repurposing of space: consider preserving original layout or adding new functions; adapt building performance to new use requirements without threatening the previous use. |
Level 4 | Setting conservation: Preserve and repair exterior surroundings that contribute to the interpretation of the building’s history, including trees, sculptures, pools, roads, plazas, etc. Consider abatement as a response to some of the site conditions that must be changed without threatening the integrity. |
Level 5 | Adaptive changes: consider the requirements of the actual users and negotiate changes to the interior finishes without threatening the previous state. |
Level 6 | Redesign of auxiliary elements: consider the redesign of necessary supplementary elements according to contemporary esthetics. |
Level 7 | Conservation of related elements: consider the conservation and presentation of other related intangible elements. |
Level 8 | Archive: record the entire process of intervention with texts and drawings. |
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Xiong, X.; Wang, Y.; Ma, C.; Chi, Y. Ensuring the Authenticity of the Conservation and Reuse of Modern Industrial Heritage Architecture: A Case Study of the Large Machine Factory, China. Buildings 2023, 13, 534. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020534
Xiong X, Wang Y, Ma C, Chi Y. Ensuring the Authenticity of the Conservation and Reuse of Modern Industrial Heritage Architecture: A Case Study of the Large Machine Factory, China. Buildings. 2023; 13(2):534. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020534
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiong, Xiangrui, Yanhui Wang, Cheng Ma, and Yuwei Chi. 2023. "Ensuring the Authenticity of the Conservation and Reuse of Modern Industrial Heritage Architecture: A Case Study of the Large Machine Factory, China" Buildings 13, no. 2: 534. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020534