Sources of Indoor Air Pollution in Schools in Kosovo
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Locations
2.2. Study Survey
2.3. Instruments and Procedures
2.4. Sampling Devices, Sensors, Laboratory Analysis
- Benzene-Radiello Code 130, passive sampler, according to ISO 16000-1 (2004) protocol, samples collected were analyzed by GC-MS.
- Formaldehydes-Radiello Code 165, passive sampler, according to ISO protocol 16000-2 (2004), were analyzed by HPLC.
- NO2—Radiello code 166, passive sampler, according to ISO 16000-15 (2008) protocol.
- CO2, temperature, relative humidity, and CO were measured with the HD21AB instrument using the Delta Log 10 program version 0.1.5.3—Reference standards: ASHRAE 62.1-2004, Legislative Decree 81/2008.
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristics of School Facilities
3.2. Nitrogen Dioxide, Formaldehyde, and Benzene
3.2.1. Nitrogen Dioxide
3.2.2. Formaldehyde
3.2.3. Benzene
3.3. CO, CO2, Temperature and Relative Humidity
3.3.1. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
3.3.2. Carbon Dioxide
3.3.3. Temperature and Relative Humidity
3.4. Limitations of This Study
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | Coefficient | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Outdoor level | 0.85 | 0.63; 1.07 | <0.001 |
Age category (20 years) | −13.16 | −18.92; −7.40 | <0.001 |
Floor | −4.24 | −8.96; 0.47 | 0.076 |
Constant | 42.09 | 29.07; 55.10 | <0.001 |
Outdoor level | 0.71 | 0.43; 1.00 | <0.001 |
Floor | −6.47 | −12.67; −0.27 | 0.042 |
Constant | 22.07 | 9.15; 35.00 | 0.002 |
Age category (20 years) | −11.27 | −20.95; −1.58 | 0.024 |
Petrol station | 35.40 | 13.75; 57.05 | 0.002 |
Constant | 46.59 | 26.19; 66.98 | <0.001 |
Factor | Coefficient | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age category (20 years) | −2.31 | −3.79; 0.82 | 0.004 |
Constant | 14.38 | 11.12; 17.64 | <0.001 |
11–30 years | −3.83 | −9.11; 1.45 | 0.148 |
31–50 years | −7.88 | −12.01; −3.74 | 0.001 |
More than 50 years | −6.57 | −11.00; −2.14 | 0.036 |
Car park | 2.58 | −0.50; 5.66 | 0.097 |
Constant | 13.99 | 9.15; 18.83 | <0.001 |
Factor | Coefficient | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Outdoor levels | 2.03 | 0.93; 3.13 | 0.001 |
Constant | −0.21 | −0.58; 0.15 | 0.247 |
Industrial area | 1.18 | 0.95; 1.41 | <0.001 |
Constant | 0.31 | 0.23; 0.38 | <0.001 |
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Ukëhaxhaj, A.; Ramadani, N.; Moshammer, H.; Zogaj, D. Sources of Indoor Air Pollution in Schools in Kosovo. Buildings 2023, 13, 668. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030668
Ukëhaxhaj A, Ramadani N, Moshammer H, Zogaj D. Sources of Indoor Air Pollution in Schools in Kosovo. Buildings. 2023; 13(3):668. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030668
Chicago/Turabian StyleUkëhaxhaj, Antigona, Naser Ramadani, Hanns Moshammer, and Drita Zogaj. 2023. "Sources of Indoor Air Pollution in Schools in Kosovo" Buildings 13, no. 3: 668. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030668