Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Framework for Evaluating Historic Sites in Huai’an Ancient Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Historic Sites
2.2. Research on Historic Sites
- A.
- Theory of preservation and restoration of historic sites
- B.
- Practice of preservation and restoration of historic sites
2.3. Determination of Evaluation Indexes
3. Research Objects and Methods
3.1. Study Area: Historic Sites in Huai’an
3.2. Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM)
3.2.1. Concept and Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process
3.2.2. Calculation Steps
- (1)
- Construction of a judgment matrix
- (2)
- Calculations of eigenvalues and eigenvectors
- (3)
- Consistency check
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Weight Analysis of Evaluation Indexes
4.2. Empirical Study
4.3. Suggestion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Core Issues | Key Contents |
---|---|
Statuses of historic relics | Preservation: In the first half of the 20th century, theories about preservation and restoration, such as “organic restoration”, “preservation of integrity”, and “continuous renovation”, emerged [40,41,42]. |
Renovation: France has taken a gradual approach through the macro-, meso-, and micro-levels to provide an operable basis for the style renovation of historic sites. The United States preserves the historical styles of cities through urban design. The UK has adopted “theme planning” and “action area planning” to improve the architecture, environments, transportation, and landscapes of historic sites [43,44,45]. | |
Basic environmental conditions | Physical spaces: to improve the living conditions of inhabitants, as well as solve urban congestion and other problems. Residential orientation means that the material revival of a historical block prioritizes the residential functions, but also gives due consideration to other functions [46,47,48]. |
Social problems, such as residential space differentiation and urban poverty, have been addressed through the active improvement of the living conditions of vulnerable groups around the world, such as the North Village (South Korea), Brindley of Birmingham (UK), and the Heiksch Community (Germany) [49,50,51]. | |
Degree of tourism development | The preservation and maintenance of historic sites alone cannot give full play to their historical and cultural value. One effective way to bring their value into play is tourism development based on their heritage resources. The Castlefield Block of Manchester, England, has developed cultural and tourism industries based on local featured architecture and industrial landscapes, thus converting the historic site into a new highlight of the city [52,53,54]. |
Evaluation Facet | Evaluation Index | Description |
---|---|---|
D1: Statuses of historic relics | C1: Completeness of historic relics | Integrity of architectural styles and the degree of retention of street spaces [40,41]. |
C2: Harmonization with surroundings | Harmonization of architectural forms and the degree of integration with the new city [63,64]. | |
C3: Innovation degrees of transformation and utilization | Use of modern techniques and languages for the upgrading and innovation of traditional architectural spaces, thereby meeting the needs of modern people [65,66]. | |
D2: Basic environmental conditions | C4: Convenience of transportation | Organization, supporting services, accessibility, and continuity of transportation. The transportation supporting services include parking lots, safe passage, sidewalks, road greening, and so on [67,68]. |
C5: Living conditions of inhabitants | Adherence to the people-oriented principle to safeguard the interests of the inhabitants and minimize adverse effects [48,69]. | |
C6: Comfort degrees of public spaces | Landscape architecture, service facilities, ecological environments, etc. [70,71]. | |
D3: Degree of tourismdevelopment | C7: Sightseeing and tourism | Experience of cultural landscapes, the cultural inheritance of historic sites, etc. [53,72]. |
C8: Dining and shopping | Transformation of houses into commercial storefronts through spatial replacements, thereby accommodating the needs of tourists for dining, shopping, and entertainment [54,73]. | |
C9: Accommodations | Repair and transformation of residential buildings to create suitable experiential and residential spaces for tourists [74,75]. |
Facet | Facet Weight | Evaluation Index | Index Weight | Comprehensive Weight | Ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
D1 Statuses of historic relics | 0.652 | C1 Completeness of historic relics | 0.548 | 0.357 | 1 |
C2 Harmonization with surroundings | 0.158 | 0.103 | 3 | ||
C3 Innovation degrees of transformation and utilization | 0.294 | 0.192 | 2 | ||
D2 Basic environmental conditions | 0.179 | C4 Convenience of transportation | 0.236 | 0.042 | 7 |
C5 Living conditions of inhabitants | 0.203 | 0.036 | 8 | ||
C6 Comfort degrees of public spaces | 0.561 | 0.101 | 4 | ||
D3 Degree of tourism development | 0.169 | C7 Sightseeing and tourism | 0.525 | 0.089 | 5 |
C8 Dining and shopping | 0.188 | 0.031 | 9 | ||
C9 Accommodations | 0.287 | 0.049 | 6 |
Index | Fuma Lane (O1) | Dutian Temple (O2) | Hexia Ancient Town (O3) |
---|---|---|---|
C1 Completeness of historic relics | Retained the historical styles and traditional street patterns of the Ming and Qing dynasties | About 200 years old | Retained architectural styles of the Ming and Qing dynasties |
C2 Harmonization with surroundings | Disharmony between modern decorations and traditional street styles | Poor construction quality, diversified building forms, and disharmony with the style of the historic site | Loss of the authenticity of some historical buildings after repairs; harmonization and unification in style for most buildings |
C3 Innovation degrees of transformation and utilization | Construction of new tourism distribution center and cultural exhibition center | Emergence of new tourist attractions based on the integration of Taoist culture and tourism | Repairing ancient buildings, demolishing old buildings, lacking features |
C4 Convenience of transportation | Narrow streets, insufficient parking spaces, and inconvenient transportation | Narrow streets and uneven roads, impossible for motor vehicles to pass through | Retained traditional stone-paved roads, smooth traffic organization, and sufficient parking spaces |
C5 Living conditions of inhabitants | Very old buildings, outdated infrastructure, and poor living conditions | Very old buildings, outdated infrastructure, and serious population aging | Inadequate preservation of dwellings |
C6 Comfort degrees of public spaces | Insufficient public communication spaces, serious river pollution, disordered greening landscapes, and serious occupancy of public spaces | Lack of green landscapes and scattering of many low-efficiency, idle spaces | Clear rivers, beautiful green landscapes, and comfortable public spaces |
C7 Sightseeing and tourism | Retained overall architectural styles of the Ming and Qing dynasties, which are characterized by blue bricks, black tiles, carved wooden windows, and ancient houses. Together with modern shops, the site offers rich experiences. | Presence of traditional architecture of the styles prevailing in the Ming and Qing dynasties, including religious architecture, former residences of celebrities, modern commercial relics, and numerous ancient dwellings | Profound cultural treasures, excellent tourism cultural resources, such as cultural customs, architectural arts, and folk customs |
C8 Dining and shopping | Distributed with traditional gourmet food stores, coffee shops, and milk tea shops. Lack of diversity in types of businesses | Slow development of commerce and dining because only a small number of shops meet the daily living needs of residents | Distributed traditional gourmet food stores, photography shops, calligraphy and art shops, etc.; diversity in types of businesses |
C9 Accommodations | Short tourist stays, lack of functions such as homestays | Mainly inhabited by locals; lacking functions such as homestays | Accommodations available around the scenic area |
Evaluation Element | C1:C2 | C1:C3 | C2:C3 |
---|---|---|---|
Degree of importance | 3:1 | 5:1 | 3:1 |
Evaluation Element | C1 | C2 | C3 |
---|---|---|---|
C1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
C2 | 1/3 | 1 | 3 |
C3 | 1/5 | 1/3 | 1 |
sum of columns | 1.533 | 4.333 | 9 |
Evaluation Element | C1 | C2 | C3 |
---|---|---|---|
C1 | 0.653 | 0.692 | 0.556 |
C2 | 0.217 | 0.231 | 0.333 |
C3 | 0.130 | 0.077 | 0.111 |
Evaluation Element | Weight |
---|---|
C1 | (0.653 + 0.692 + 0.556)∕3 = 0.634 |
C2 | (0.217 + 0.231 + 0.333)∕3 = 0.260 |
C3 | (0.130 + 0.077 + 0.111)∕3 = 0.106 |
Facet | Evaluation Index | Comprehensive Weight | O1 | O2 | O3 | PI (O1) | PI (O2) | PI (O3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D1 Statuses of historic relics | C1 Completeness of historic relics | 0.357 | 0.205 | 0.413 | 0.382 | 0.073 | 0.147 | 0.136 |
C2 Harmonization with surroundings | 0.103 | 0.237 | 0.302 | 0.461 | 0.024 | 0.031 | 0.047 | |
C3 Innovation degrees of transformation and utilization | 0.192 | 0.406 | 0.334 | 0.260 | 0.078 | 0.064 | 0.050 | |
D2 Basic environmental conditions | C4 Convenience of transportation | 0.042 | 0.239 | 0.177 | 0.584 | 0.010 | 0.007 | 0.025 |
C5 Living conditions of inhabitants | 0.036 | 0.208 | 0.280 | 0.512 | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.018 | |
C6 Comfort degrees of public spaces | 0.101 | 0.262 | 0.141 | 0.597 | 0.026 | 0.014 | 0.060 | |
D3 Degree of tourism development | C7 Sightseeing and tourism | 0.089 | 0.337 | 0.213 | 0.450 | 0.030 | 0.019 | 0.040 |
C8 Dining and shopping | 0.031 | 0.280 | 0.132 | 0.588 | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.018 | |
C9 Accommodations | 0.049 | 0.160 | 0.223 | 0.616 | 0.008 | 0.011 | 0.030 | |
Value of PI | 0.266 | 0.308 | 0.426 |
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Shen, X.; Chen, M.; Hsu, W.-L.; Dong, Z.; Lan, K.; Luo, H.; Lin, S.T.-H. Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Framework for Evaluating Historic Sites in Huai’an Ancient Cities. Buildings 2023, 13, 1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061385
Shen X, Chen M, Hsu W-L, Dong Z, Lan K, Luo H, Lin ST-H. Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Framework for Evaluating Historic Sites in Huai’an Ancient Cities. Buildings. 2023; 13(6):1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061385
Chicago/Turabian StyleShen, Xijuan, Meng Chen, Wei-Ling Hsu, Zuorong Dong, Keran Lan, Haitao Luo, and Sean Te-Hsun Lin. 2023. "Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Framework for Evaluating Historic Sites in Huai’an Ancient Cities" Buildings 13, no. 6: 1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061385