Multi-Component Cements for Sealing Casing Columns in Boreholes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Multi-Component Cements
- Reduction in the content of clinker phases susceptible to corrosion, i.e., tricalcium aluminate C3A in the cement composition, which is related to the reduction in the share of clinker in the cement composition in favor of ash;
- Reduction in Ca(OH)2 content in the hardened cement matrix;
- Change in the microstructure of the hardened cement slurry as a result of the fly ash pozzolanic reaction;
- Sealing the structure of the hardening cement slurry using pozzolanic reaction products and non-hydrated fly ash particles.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subject of Study
- Clinker (K)—from 40 to 64% by weight;
- Blast furnace slag (S)—from 18 to 30% by weight;
- Pozzolans (P, Q) or silica fly ash (V)—from 18 to 30% by weight.
- Portland clinker content—65% by weight;
- Content of ground granulated blast furnace slag—30% by weight;
- Setting regulator (gypsum) content—5% by weight.
- Recipe A—with 18% silica fly ash and 82% CEM II/B-S 32.5R cement;
- Recipe B—containing 30% silica fly ash and 70% CEM II/B-S 32.5R cement.
2.2. Determination of Technological Parameters of Fresh and Hardened Cement Slurries
- PN-EN 197-1. Cement. Part 1. Composition, requirements and compliance criteria for common cements. 2012 (after amendment).
- PN-EN ISO 10426-1. Oil and gas industry. Cements and materials for cementing holes. Part 1. Specification. 2010.
- PN-EN ISO 10426-2. Oil and gas industry. Cements and materials for cementing holes. Part 2: Testing of drilling cements. 2006.
- PN-EN 535 ISO 2431. Determination of flow time using flow cups. March 1993.
- (a)
- For fresh cement slurries compounds:
- Density—using Baroid balance;
- Free water—using a measuring cylinder;
- Fluidity—using the AzNII cone;
- Relative viscosity—using a Ford cup No. 4;
- Filtration—using a Baroid filter press;
- Setting time—using the Vicat apparatus;
- Rheological properties (plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, yield point)—using a rotary viscometer with coaxial cylinders, type Chan—35 API Viscometer—Tulusa, Oklahoma USA EG.G Chandler Engineering with twelve rotational speeds (600, 300, 200, 100, 60, 30, 20, 10, 6, 3, 2, 1 rpm, corresponding to the following shear rates: 1022.04, 511.02, 340.7, 170.4, 102.2, 51.1, 34.08, 17.04, 10.22, 5.11, 3.41, 1.70 s−1);
- Determination of the rheological model—the selection of the optimal rheological model of cement slurries consists in determining the rheological curve that enables the best description of the measurement results in the coordinate system: shear stress (τ)–shear rate (γ).
- (b)
- For hardened cement slurries compounds:
- Compressive and bending strength—using a testing machine—model E183 PN by Matest.
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
- The percentage content of the main components (clinker, slag, ash) in multi-component cement has a significant impact on the technological parameters of fresh and hardened cement slurries. The selection of the CEM V cement variety will depend on the geological and technical conditions in which casing columns are cemented in boreholes.
- Technological parameters of slurries based on multi-component cements can be designed and selected due to the nature of the work performed and the required preferences. They can be applied, among others, to the following:
- Cementing columns of casing pipes in boreholes;
- Liquidation of absorptive zones in the subsoil;
- Hydrotechnical and underground construction;
- Soil stabilization in road and urban construction;
- Special geoengineering works (drilled piles, diaphragm walls, displacement piles formed in the ground, micropiles).
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cement CEM V/A according to the PN-EN 197-1 Standard | CEM V/A Cement Prepared according to Recipe A | CEM V/A Cement Prepared according to Recipe B | |
---|---|---|---|
Clinker content, % by weight | 40–64 | 53.3 | 45.5 |
Slag content (S), % by weight | 18–30 | 24.6 | 21.0 |
Ash content (V), % by weight | 18–30 | 18.0 | 30.0 |
Set time regulator, % by weight | 0–5 | 4.0 | 3.5 |
w/c | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density | kg/m3 | Cem A | 1870 | 1800 | 1690 |
Cem B | 1830 | 1720 | 1640 | ||
Free water | % | Cem A | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Cem B | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.64 | ||
Fluidity | mm | Cem A | 110 | 135 | 200 |
Cem B | 95 | 120 | 160 | ||
Relative viscosity | s | Cem A | - | - | 29.00 |
Cem B | - | - | 36.45 | ||
Filtering | mL/s | Cem A | 60/15 | 90/32 | 110/23 |
Cem B | 35/10 | 70/22 | 105/26 |
w/c | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Start of binding | Cem A | 4 h 40 min | 5 h 20 min | 6 h 20 min |
Cem B | 5 h 00 min | 6 h 50 min | 7 h 20 min | |
End of binding | Cem A | 7 h 20 min | 8 h 30 min | 10 h 40 min |
Cem B | 8 h 00 min | 11 h 00 min | 13 h 00 min | |
Setting time | Cem A | 2 h 20 min | 3 h 10 min | 4 h 20 min |
Cem B | 3 h 00 min | 4 h 10 min | 5 h 40 min |
w/c | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rheological model type | Binghama | Plastic viscosity n, Pas | 0.188 | 0.0951 | 0.08 |
Yield limit t, Pa | 30.151 | 10.344 | 8.125 | ||
Correlation coefficient r, | 0.925 | 0.985 | 0.9852 | ||
Oswalda de Waele | Consistency factor k, Pasn | 5.548 | 2.403 | 1.962 | |
Exponent n, | 0.53 | 0.526 | 0.524 | ||
Correlation coefficient r, | 0.986 | 0.991 | 0.99 | ||
Casonna | Plastic viscosity n, Pas | 0.144 | 0.068 | 0.059 | |
Yield limit t, Pa | 11.425 | 4.315 | 3.246 | ||
Correlation coefficient r, | 0.947 | 0.9941 | 0.995 |
w/c | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rheological model type | Binghama | Plastic viscosity n, Pas | 0.207 | 0.1143 | 0.066 |
Yield limit t, Pa | 32.149 | 16.072 | 9.018 | ||
Correlation coefficient r, | 0.924 | 0.963 | 0.986 | ||
Oswalda de Waele | Consistency factor k, Pasn | 6.207 | 3.95 | 2.573 | |
Exponent n, | 0.521 | 0.485 | 0.461 | ||
Correlation coefficient r, | 0.988 | 0.997 | 0.984 | ||
Casonna | Plastic viscosity n, Pas | 0.16 | 0.081 | 0.042 | |
Yield limit t, Pa | 12.013 | 6.871 | 4.511 | ||
Correlation coefficient r, | 0.945 | 0.981 | 0.996 |
w/c | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flexural strength, MPa | 1 day | Cement | A | <1.29 | <1.29 | <1.29 |
Cement | B | <1.29 | <1.29 | <1.29 | ||
2 days | Cement | A | 3.60 | 2.10 | <1.29 | |
Cement | B | 3.30 | 1.95 | <1.29 | ||
7 days | Cement | A | 6.70 | 4.10 | 3.10 | |
Cement | B | 5.60 | 4.00 | 2.40 | ||
14 days | Cement | A | 7.90 | 5.80 | 3.90 | |
Cement | B | 6.40 | 5.20 | 3.70 | ||
21 days | Cement | A | 9.30 | 7.20 | 5.10 | |
Cement | B | 8.80 | 6.60 | 4.40 | ||
28 days | Cement | A | 9.90 | 8.00 | 5.40 | |
Cement | B | 9.20 | 7.00 | 4.60 |
w/c | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compressive strength, MPa | 1 day | Cement | A | 3.50 | 1.80 | 0.90 |
Cement | B | 2.90 | 1.20 | 0.80 | ||
2 days | Cement | A | 9.70 | 4.80 | 2.90 | |
Cement | B | 9.10 | 4.80 | 2.70 | ||
7 days | Cement | A | 22.00 | 11.10 | 6.80 | |
Cement | B | 20.00 | 10.40 | 6.20 | ||
14 days | Cement | A | 32.70 | 17.00 | 10.00 | |
Cement | B | 27.80 | 15.30 | 9.60 | ||
21 days | Cement | A | 39.10 | 22.90 | 14.20 | |
Cement | B | 33.90 | 19.60 | 12.90 | ||
28 days | Cement | A | 42.30 | 25.10 | 15.50 | |
Cement | B | 35.60 | 21.10 | 13.50 |
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Stryczek, S.; Kremieniewski, M. Multi-Component Cements for Sealing Casing Columns in Boreholes. Buildings 2023, 13, 1633. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071633
Stryczek S, Kremieniewski M. Multi-Component Cements for Sealing Casing Columns in Boreholes. Buildings. 2023; 13(7):1633. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071633
Chicago/Turabian StyleStryczek, Stanisław, and Marcin Kremieniewski. 2023. "Multi-Component Cements for Sealing Casing Columns in Boreholes" Buildings 13, no. 7: 1633. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071633