Influence of Balcony Glazing on Energy Efficiency and Thermal Comfort of Dwellings in a Dry Mediterranean Climate within a Warm Semi-Arid Climate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- -
- Original house: A dwelling that maintains the original distribution with the exterior terrace (Figure 5a).
- -
- Modification 1: A refurbished dwelling with glazing on the terrace that joins it to the living room and eliminates the original enclosure that separated the living room from the terrace (Figure 5b).
- -
- Modification 2: A refurbished dwelling with glazing on the terrace that maintains the original façade windows and enclosures between the terrace and the living room (Figure 5c).
- -
- Modification 3: A refurbished dwelling with glazing on the terrace, maintaining the original façade enclosures and windows between the terrace and the living room, and applying natural ventilation in summer (Figure 5d).
3. Results
3.1. Climate Studies of the Building
3.2. Indoor Temperatures
3.3. Thermal Comfort
3.4. Energy Efficiency
4. Discussion
4.1. Indoor Temperatures and Thermal Comfort
4.2. Energy Efficiency
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model | Measuring Range | Accuracy | |
---|---|---|---|
Thermographic camera | Testo 868 | −15–+50 °C | ±2 °C/±2% |
+10–+95% HR | ±2% HR | ||
Thermal transmittance flowmeter | Testo 435-2 | −20–+50 °C | - |
Humidity/temperature probe | Testo | −20–+70 °C | ±0.3 °C |
+10–+100% HR | ±2% HR | ||
Surface probe | Testo | −20–+70 °C | ±0.1 °C |
Hot-wire probe | Testo | −20–+70 °C | ±0.3 °C |
±0.3 m/s |
Composition of the Thermal Envelope of the Original House | Thickness (cm) | Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) | U (W/m2·K) | g |
---|---|---|---|---|
Roof: | 1.43 | |||
Ceramic tile | 2 | 1.3 | ||
Cement mortar | 2 | 0.55 | ||
FU ceramic interlayer | 30 | 0.846 | ||
Mass concrete | 2 | 1.65 | ||
Low-hardness gypsum d < 600 | 2 | 0.18 | ||
Interior walls: | 2.07 | |||
Low-hardness gypsum d < 600 | 2 | 0.18 | ||
1/2 ceramic brick | 11.5 | 0.991 | ||
Low-hardness gypsum d < 600 | 2 | 0.18 | ||
Enclosure type: | 2.52 | |||
1/2 ceramic brick | 11.5 | 0.991 | ||
Low-hardness gypsum d < 600 | 2 | 0.18 | ||
Window: | Uw = 5.68 | |||
Glass (90% of the window) | Ug = 5.70 | g = 0.68 | ||
Frame (10% of the window) | Uh = 5.58 |
Parameter | Applicable Regulation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
People/m2 | Metabolic rate | Schedule | DB-HE | |
Occupation | 0.05 | 1 | Activated 24/7 | Application Guide 2019 [61] |
Cop | Months | Schedule | DB-HE Annex D | |
Cooling equipment | 4 | 6/7/8/9 | 0:00–24:00 27 °C | Operational conditions and |
Heating equipment | 3.5 | ½/3/4/5/10/11/12 | 0:00–24:00 19 °C | use profiles [41] |
Ren/h | Schedule | |||
Mechanical ventilation | 0.44 | Activated 24/7 | DB-HS3 [41] | |
Natural nocturnal ventilation | 0.44 | 0:00–08:00 100% | ||
Average illumination | Power | |||
Internal lightning loads | 200 lux | 2 W/m2 | 0:00–07:00 10% | Royal Decree 486/1997 |
07:00–19:00 30% | Annex IV [62] | |||
19:00–23:00 100% 23:00–24:00 50% |
Case Study | Heating | Cooling | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Original house | 42.62 | 30.94 | 73.56 |
Modification 1 | 16.35 | 64.90 | 81.25 |
Modification 2 | 8.47 | 49.97 | 58.44 |
Modification 3 | 8.47 | 22.31 | 30.78 |
KWh/m2 year | KWh/m2 year | KWh/m2 year |
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Sabatell-Canales, S.; Pérez-Carramiñana, C.; González-Avilés, Á.B.; Galiano-Garrigós, A. Influence of Balcony Glazing on Energy Efficiency and Thermal Comfort of Dwellings in a Dry Mediterranean Climate within a Warm Semi-Arid Climate. Buildings 2023, 13, 1741. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071741
Sabatell-Canales S, Pérez-Carramiñana C, González-Avilés ÁB, Galiano-Garrigós A. Influence of Balcony Glazing on Energy Efficiency and Thermal Comfort of Dwellings in a Dry Mediterranean Climate within a Warm Semi-Arid Climate. Buildings. 2023; 13(7):1741. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071741
Chicago/Turabian StyleSabatell-Canales, Samuel, Carlos Pérez-Carramiñana, Ángel Benigno González-Avilés, and Antonio Galiano-Garrigós. 2023. "Influence of Balcony Glazing on Energy Efficiency and Thermal Comfort of Dwellings in a Dry Mediterranean Climate within a Warm Semi-Arid Climate" Buildings 13, no. 7: 1741. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071741