Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolana Impacts on Sustainable Concrete Permeability and Mechanical Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Work
2.1. Materials
2.2. Samples’ Preparation
2.3. Experimental Testing
2.3.1. FA and NA Particle Grades
2.3.2. Slump
2.3.3. Mechanical Properties
2.3.4. Permeability
2.3.5. Microstructural Analysis
2.3.6. Density Evolution
2.3.7. Cost Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Particle Size Distribution (PSD)
3.2. Workability
3.3. Mechanical Properties
3.3.1. Compressive Strength Development
3.3.2. Flexural Strength
3.4. Water Permeability Test
3.5. Microstructural Properties
3.6. Density Evolution
3.7. Cost Analysis
4. Conclusions
- Replacing the cement with 30% FA and 30% NP improved the workability of fresh concrete by up to 66.6% and 55%, respectively, when compared with that of the control mix (0% FA or NP). This shows the importance of these pozzolanic materials in improving fresh concrete properties.
- The 56-day compressive strengths for the 10%, 20%, and 30% FA concrete batches increased by 11.63%, 1%, and 6.06%, respectively, compared to those of the control mixes. Meanwhile, the 56-day compressive strength for the 10% NP batch increased by 8.75% over that of the control mix;
- The 28-day flexural strengths for the 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% FA concrete batches increased by 30.1, 26.8, 29.7, 25.1, and 15.6%, respectively, compared to those of the control mixes. The 28-day flexural strengths for the 10 and 20% NP concrete batches increased by 35.60 and 18.68%, respectively, compared to those of the control mixes;
- Class F fly ash and natural pozzolana improved the permeability of concrete mixes. The permeability for 50% FA and NP concrete batches decreased by 78.3% and 56.5%, respectively, compared to those of the control mixes;
- A microstructural analysis showed an improvement in the densification of the concrete matrix by adding FA and NP due to the formation of C-S-H crystals, which contributed to improved concrete performance;
- FA and NP concrete had an improved density after longer curing periods when compared with those of control mixes. The products of the pozzolanic reactions generally fill the pores and create a dense microstructure leading to improvements in the concrete properties;
- Based on the economic index results, the 10% FA concrete batch is the ideal one, followed by the 10% NP mix. Considering the environmental restrictions on FA, NP can be utilized instead with an optimum value of 10% replacement of cement content;
- The results obtained in this are consistent with the recommendations for the use of FA and NP in concrete admixtures, according to ASTM C618-17, which stipulates that Class F pozzolan can be used with a replacement ratio of 12–20% by the cement content.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Content (%) | Specification (%) | Testing Method |
---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 24.0 ± 0.5 | - | X-ray |
Al2O3 | 6.5 ± 0.5 | - | X-ray |
Fe2O3 | 6.5 ± 0.5 | - | X-ray |
CaO | 52.5 ± 1.0 | - | X-ray |
MgO | 3.2 ± 0.5 | - | X-ray |
SO3 | 2.60 ± 0.2 | ≥3.5% | X-ray |
K2O | 0.8 ± 0.1 | - | X-ray |
Na2O | 0.95 ± 0.1 | - | X-ray |
Cl | 0.04 | ≥0.10% | EN 196-2 |
Property | Unit | Result | Specification | Testing Method |
---|---|---|---|---|
Finesses (Blaine) | cm2/g | 4000 | EN 196-6:1992 | |
Fineness (Residue)—45 µm | % | 2.5 | EN 196-6:1992 | |
Initial setting time | Minutes | 160 | ≥60 | JS 1470-3/05 EN 196-3:2005 |
Final setting time | Minutes | 225 | JS 1470-3/05 EN 196-3:2005 | |
Water/cement ratio | % | 29.6 | JS 1470-3/05 EN 196-3:2005 | |
Soundness | Mm | ≤10.0 | JS 1470-3/05 EN 196-3:2005 | |
2-day compressive strength | MPa | 24.0 | ≥10.0 | JS 1470-3/05 EN 196-1:2005 |
28-day compressive strength | MPa | 49.0 | ≥42.5 ≤ 62.5 | JS 1470-3/05 EN 196-1:2005 |
Appearance | Brown Liquid |
---|---|
Specific Gravity | 1.10 ± 0.03 g/cm3 |
pH Value | 6.0 ± 1 |
Chloride Content (%) | ≤0.10 by mass |
Compound | Class F Fly Ash | Class N Natural Pozzolana |
---|---|---|
Composition (%) | ||
CaO | 1.34 | 9.54 |
Al2O₃ | 18.21 | 14.38 |
SiO2 | 70.31 | 47.85 |
Fe2O₃ | 5.26 | 12.99 |
MgO | 1.00 | 9.63 |
K2O | 1.08 | 1.14 |
Physical Properties | ||
Moisture content max% | 3 | 0.4–1.2 |
Loss on ignition, max% | 6 | 0.8–1.2 |
Fineness% retained on 45 micron-sieving, max% | 34 | 1.7–3.3 |
Ingredients | Quantity | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Batch 1 | Batch 2 | Batch 3 | Batch 4 | Batch 5 | Batch 6 | Batch 7 | Batch 8 | Batch 9 | Batch 10 | Batch 11 | |
Cement (kg) | 20 | 18 | 16 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 18 | 16 | 14 | 12 | 10 |
Fly Ash (kg) | - | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | - | - | - | - | - |
Natural Pozzolana (kg) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 |
Coarse Aggregate (kg) | 50 | ||||||||||
Fine Aggregate (kg) | 46 | ||||||||||
Water (kg) | 10 | ||||||||||
Superplasticizer (g) | 200 |
# | Batch | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Flexural Strength (MPa) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 Days | Change % | 28 Days | Change % | 56 Days | Change % | 28 Days | Change % | ||
1 | Control | 38.24 | - | 49.90 | - | 54.77 | - | 4.55 | - |
2 | 10% FA | 39.48 | +3.24 | 54.35 | +8.92 | 61.14 | +11.63 | 5.92 | +30.11 |
3 | 20% FA | 31.95 | −16.45 | 50.05 | +0.30 | 55.32 | +1.00 | 5.77 | +26.81 |
4 | 30% FA | 32.05 | −16.19 | 49.52 | −0.76 | 58.09 | +6.06 | 5.90 | +29.67 |
5 | 40% FA | 25.63 | −32.98 | 43.43 | −12.97 | 49.52 | −9.59 | 5.69 | +25.05 |
6 | 50% FA | 23.05 | −39.72 | 39.12 | −21.60 | 48.24 | −11.92 | 5.26 | +15.60 |
7 | 10% NP | 41.28 | +7.95 | 52.67 | +5.55 | 59.56 | +8.75 | 6.17 | +35.60 |
8 | 20% NP | 34.88 | −8.79 | 43.15 | −13.53 | 47.06 | −14.08 | 5.40 | +18.68 |
9 | 30% NP | 27.37 | −28.43 | 38.71 | −22.42 | 41.51 | −24.21 | 4.44 | −2.42 |
10 | 40% NP | 24.85 | −35.02 | 33.54 | −32.79 | 35.89 | −34.47 | 4.42 | −2.86 |
11 | 50% NP | 17.95 | −53.06 | 37.97 | −23.91 | 27.15 | −50.43 | 3.47 | −23.74 |
Specimen | Control | 10% FA | 20% FA | 30% FA | 40% FA | 50% FA | 10% NP | 20% NP | 30% NP | 40% NP | 50% NP |
Ca/Si ratio | 2.83 | 1.41 | 1.75 | 1.68 | 3.40 | 3.58 | 2.51 | 3.50 | 3.75 | 4.38 | 4.69 |
Batch Name | Before Curing | After Curing at 7 Days | After Curing at 28 Days | After Curing at 56 Days | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density (kg/m3) | Density (kg/m3) | Density Difference (∆) (kg/m3) | Density (kg/m3) | Density Difference (∆) (kg/m3) | Density (kg/m3) | Density Difference (∆) (kg/m3) | |
Control | 2350 | 2355 | 5.0 | 2362 | 12.0 | 2369 | 19.0 |
10% FA | 2331 | 2359 | 28.0 | 2362 | 31.0 | 2362 | 31.0 |
20% FA | 2328 | 2354 | 26.0 | 2368 | 40.0 | 2368 | 40.0 |
30% FA | 2350 | 2388 | 38.0 | 2392 | 42.0 | 2390 | 40.0 |
40% FA | 2281 | 2304 | 23.0 | 2308 | 27.0 | 2309 | 28.0 |
50% FA | 2281 | 2308 | 27.0 | 2309 | 28.0 | 2312 | 31.0 |
10% NP | 2333 | 2358 | 25.0 | 2367 | 34.0 | 2366 | 33.0 |
20% NP | 2330 | 2354 | 24.0 | 2362 | 32.0 | 2362 | 32.0 |
30% NP | 2333 | 2355 | 22.0 | 2361 | 28.0 | 2361 | 28.0 |
40% NP | 2337 | 2350 | 13.0 | 2353 | 16.0 | 2352 | 15.0 |
50% NP | 2338 | 2352 | 14.0 | 2352 | 14.0 | 2352 | 14.0 |
Material | FA | NP | W | PC | C.Agg | F.Agg | SF | Total (USD) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Economy Index (EI) (Str/Cost) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unit | kg | kg | ltr | kg | kg | kg | ltr | |||
Price (USD) | 0.052 | 0.09 | 0.5 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.028 | 2.5 | |||
Batch | Combination Cost | |||||||||
Control | 0 | 0 | 0.56 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.29 | 0.5 | 4.25 | 54.77 | 12.89 |
10% FA | 0.104 | 0 | 0.56 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.29 | 0.5 | 4.354 | 61.14 | 14.04 |
20% FA | 0.208 | 0 | 0.56 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.29 | 0.5 | 4.458 | 55.32 | 12.41 |
30% FA | 0.312 | 0 | 0.56 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.29 | 0.5 | 4.562 | 58.09 | 12.73 |
40% FA | 0.416 | 0 | 0.56 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.29 | 0.5 | 4.666 | 49.52 | 10.61 |
50% FA | 0.52 | 0 | 0.56 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.29 | 0.5 | 4.77 | 48.24 | 10.11 |
10% NP | 0 | 0.18 | 0.56 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.29 | 0.5 | 4.43 | 59.56 | 13.45 |
20% NP | 0 | 0.36 | 0.56 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.29 | 0.5 | 4.61 | 47.06 | 10.21 |
30% NP | 0 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.29 | 0.5 | 4.79 | 41.51 | 8.67 |
40% NP | 0 | 0.72 | 0.56 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.29 | 0.5 | 4.97 | 35.89 | 7.22 |
50% NP | 0 | 0.9 | 0.56 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.29 | 0.5 | 5.15 | 27.15 | 5.27 |
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Share and Cite
Mohsen, M.O.; Aburumman, M.O.; Al Diseet, M.M.; Taha, R.; Abdel-Jaber, M.; Senouci, A.; Abu Taqa, A. Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolana Impacts on Sustainable Concrete Permeability and Mechanical Properties. Buildings 2023, 13, 1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081927
Mohsen MO, Aburumman MO, Al Diseet MM, Taha R, Abdel-Jaber M, Senouci A, Abu Taqa A. Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolana Impacts on Sustainable Concrete Permeability and Mechanical Properties. Buildings. 2023; 13(8):1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081927
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohsen, Mohamed O., Mervat O. Aburumman, Malak M. Al Diseet, Ramzi Taha, Mu’tasim Abdel-Jaber, Ahmed Senouci, and Ala Abu Taqa. 2023. "Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolana Impacts on Sustainable Concrete Permeability and Mechanical Properties" Buildings 13, no. 8: 1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081927