Influence of Spanish Energy-Saving Standard on Thermal Comfort and Energy Efficiency Owing to the War in Ukraine: Case Study of an Office Building in a Dry Mediterranean Climate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Indoor Temperatures
3.1.1. Overall Indoor Temperatures
3.1.2. Indoor Temperature Distribution
3.2. Thermal Comfort
3.2.1. Overall Thermal Comfort
3.2.2. Indoor Comfort Distribution
3.3. Energy Efficiency
3.4. Proposal to Improve Solar Radiation Control
3.4.1. Indoor Temperatures
3.4.2. Comfort
3.4.3. Energy Efficiency
4. Discussion
4.1. Indoor Temperature
4.1.1. Overall Indoor Temperature
4.1.2. Indoor Temperature Distribution
4.2. Comfort
4.2.1. Overall Comfort
4.2.2. Indoor Comfort Distribution
4.3. Energy Efficiency
4.4. Proposal to Improve Solar Radiation Control
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model | Measuring Range | Accuracy | |
---|---|---|---|
Thermographic camera | Testo 868 | −15–+50 °C | ±2 °C/±2% |
+10–+95% HR | ±2% HR | ||
Thermal transmittance flowmeter | Testo 435-2 | −20–+50 °C | - |
Humidity/temperature probe | Testo | −20–+70 °C | ±0.3 °C |
+10–+100% HR | ±2% HR | ||
Surface probe | Testo | −20–+70 °C | ±0.1 °C |
Hot-wire probe | Testo | −20–+70 °C | ±0.3 °C |
±0.3 m/s | |||
Black globe temperature probe | Testo | +0–+120 °C | Class 1 (EN 60584-1) |
Thermal Properties | Thickness (cm) | U (W/m2·K) | g | Absorptivity | Air Permeability m3/h·m2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Opaque façade enclosure | 70 | U = 0.582 | |||
Glass (80% of the window) | 2.0 | Ug = 2.543 | 0.85 | ||
Frames (20% of the window) | 8.0 | Uf = 1.850 | 0.75 | 100.00 | |
Floor | 40.0 | U = 0.90 | |||
Roof | 55.0 | U = 0.65 | |||
Air change rates by natural ventilation = 0.7 ren/h | |||||
Frame air permeability = 50.00 m3/h·m2 |
Winter Operating Temperature (°C) | Summer Operating Temperature (°C) | Winter Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C) | Summer Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Case 1 (RD 1027/2007) | 21–23 | 23–25 | - | - |
Case 2 (RD 1826/2009) | - | - | max. 21 | min. 26 |
Case 3 (RDL 14/2022) | - | - | max. 19 | min. 27 |
Parameter | Applicable Regulation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
People/m2 | Metabolic rate | Schedule | DB-HE | |
Occupation | 0.13 | 1.3 | 07:00–15:00 working | Application Guide 2019 [65] |
Cop | Months | Schedule | DB-HE Annex D | |
Cooling equipment | 4 | 6/7/8/9 | 07:00–15:00 27 °C | Operational conditions and |
Heating equipment | 3.5 | 1/2/3/4/5/10/11/12 | 07:00–15:00 19 °C | use profiles [66] |
dm3/s | Schedule | RD1027/2007 [7] | ||
Mechanical ventilation | 250 | 07:00–15:00 | RD1826/2009 [8] | |
RDL14/2022 [2] | ||||
Average illumination | Power | |||
Internal lightning loads | 400 lux | 4 W/m2 | 07:00–09:00 50% | Royal Decree 486/1997 |
09:00–14:00 100% | Annex IV [67] | |||
14:00–15:00 50% |
Parameter | Applicable Regulation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Type of control | Thermal property | Geometric property | ||
Emissivity | Distance to glass | |||
Window shading | Indoor air temperature. | 0.20 | 15 cm | DB-HE [57] |
Standards | Dry-Bulb Air Temperature (°C) Average (Min–Max) | Mean radiant Temperature (°C) Average (Min–Max) | Operating Temperature (°C) Average (Min–Max) |
---|---|---|---|
RD 1027/2007 [7] | 22.5 (16.1–23.5) | 18.8 (16.8–20.8) | 21.0 (16.5–21.3) |
RD 1826/2009 [8] | 21.0 (15.6–21.3) | 18.2 (16.5–20.0) | 19.5 (16.1–21.3) |
RDL 14/2022 [2] | 19.0 (15.3–20.5) | 17.5 (16.0–19.0) | 18.0 (15.8–19.7) |
Standards | Dry-Bulb Air Temperature (°C) Average (min–max) | Mean Radiant Temperature (°C) Average (min–max) | Operating Temperature (°C) Average (min–max) |
---|---|---|---|
RD 1027/2007 [7] | 22.1 (21.0–28.5) | 29.2 (28.2–33.4) | 25.0 (25.0–30.8) |
RD 1826/2009 [8] | 26.0 (26.0–31.1) | 32.8 (31.9–36.0) | 29.4 (29.0–33.4) |
RDL 14/2022 [2] | 27.0 (27.0–34.5) | 33.5 (32.8–37.2) | 30.6 (30.0–35.8) |
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Pérez-Carramiñana, C.; Sabatell-Canales, S.; González-Avilés, Á.B.; Galiano-Garrigós, A. Influence of Spanish Energy-Saving Standard on Thermal Comfort and Energy Efficiency Owing to the War in Ukraine: Case Study of an Office Building in a Dry Mediterranean Climate. Buildings 2023, 13, 2102. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082102
Pérez-Carramiñana C, Sabatell-Canales S, González-Avilés ÁB, Galiano-Garrigós A. Influence of Spanish Energy-Saving Standard on Thermal Comfort and Energy Efficiency Owing to the War in Ukraine: Case Study of an Office Building in a Dry Mediterranean Climate. Buildings. 2023; 13(8):2102. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082102
Chicago/Turabian StylePérez-Carramiñana, Carlos, Samuel Sabatell-Canales, Ángel Benigno González-Avilés, and Antonio Galiano-Garrigós. 2023. "Influence of Spanish Energy-Saving Standard on Thermal Comfort and Energy Efficiency Owing to the War in Ukraine: Case Study of an Office Building in a Dry Mediterranean Climate" Buildings 13, no. 8: 2102. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082102