Exposure of Elderly People to Indoor Air Pollutants in Wanxia Nursing Home
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sample Selection
2.2. Air Pollutants and Microclimate Measurement
2.3. Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) Ratio and IAQI Benchmarks
2.4. Data Analysis Methods
3. Results
3.1. Seasonal Levels of Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollutants
3.2. Diurnal Variation in Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollutant Concentrations
3.3. Level of Indoor Air Quality and Its Main Influencing Factor
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Size (m) (Length × Width × Height) | Number | |
---|---|---|
Bedroom | 6.3 × 6.0 × 3.3 | 1 |
Door | 1.2 × 2.4 | 1 |
Window | 1.0 × 1.5 | 3 |
Beds | 2.0 × 1.2 | 4 |
Furniture | Tin wardrobe, TV stand and wooden chairs |
Instrument | Parameter | Operational | Accuracy | Circumstance Demands |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kestrel 5500 | Ta | −29~70 °C | 0.1 °C | −30~80 °C |
RH | 0~100% | 1% | ||
SMART126S | PM2.5 | 0~999 μg/m3 | 1 μg/m3 | 0–50 °C 0~100% RH |
PM10 | ||||
LI-830 | CO2 | 0~20,000 ppm | 3% | 0~45 °C 90~100% RH |
SMART128S | HCHO | 0~3.000 mg/m3 | 0.001 mg/m3 | |
TVOCs | 0~9.999 mg/m3 | 0.001 mg/m3 |
Air Pollutants | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bedroom | Corridor | Road | Garden | Bedroom | Corridor | Road | Garden | Bedroom | Corridor | Road | Garden | Bedroom | Corridor | Road | Garden | ||
CO2 (ppm) | Mean | 526.4 b | 468.4 a | 451.2 a | 453.2 a | 623.4 b | 497.3 a | 484.9 a | 487.0 a | 563.6 b | 475.3 a | 463.5 a | 466.1 a | 665.7 b | 536.5 a | 504.0 a | 475.2 a |
Max | 1264.5 | 855.0 | 875.5 | 893.5 | 1302.1 | 895.4 | 872.0 | 743.2 | 1016.1 | 941.8 | 900.0 | 919.3 | 1368.4 | 900.6 | 934.6 | 963.4 | |
Min | 400.0 | 400.0 | 400.0 | 400.0 | 400.8 | 400.0 | 400.0 | 400.0 | 400.2 | 400.0 | 400.0 | 400.0 | 405.3 | 404.2 | 403.8 | 402.4 | |
HCHO (mg/m³) | Mean | 0.030 a | 0.037 a | 0.037 a | 0.037 a | 0.034 c | 0.030 b | 0.025 a | 0.023 a | 0.013 a | 0.017 b | 0.018 b | 0.018 b | 0.019 a | 0.017 a | 0.026 b | 0.024 b |
Max | 0.59 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.57 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.46 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.066 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.11 | |
Min | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.036 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.002 | |
TVOCs (mg/m³) | Mean | 0.398 b | 0.293 ab | 0.292 ab | 0.279 a | 0.401 b | 0.231 a | 0.202 a | 0.275 a | 0.191 b | 0.157 a | 0.147 a | 0.147 a | 0.295 b | 0.305 b | 0.286 ab | 0.252 a |
Max | 2.46 | 0.51 | 0.58 | 0.49 | 1.835 | 0.55 | 0.42 | 0.57 | 1.01 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.59 | 1.655 | 0.60 | 0.57 | 0.52 | |
Min | 0.029 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.0085 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.014 | |
PM10 (μg/m3) | Mean | 51.1 a | 56.4 b | 59.8 bc | 64.2 d | 49.9 a | 49.9 a | 50.9 a | 52.3 a | 54.7 a | 69.6 b | 69. 7 b | 69.1 b | 108.4 b | 100.0 a | 99.7 a | 97.3 a |
Max | 142.1 | 122.2 | 132.5 | 127.5 | 135.7 | 145.0 | 146.4 | 145.0 | 248.3 | 285.2 | 288.8 | 283.6 | 238.9 | 219.8 | 226.8 | 230.0 | |
Min | 5.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 1.59 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 25.05 | 32.6 | 32.4 | 34.8 | |
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | Mean | 29.9 a | 30.7 ab | 32.7 ab | 35.2 b | 33.8 a | 34.0 a | 34.3 a | 34.6 a | 34.1 a | 37.3 b | 37.2 b | 37.4 b | 62.6 a | 64.2 b | 65.5 b | 65.0 b |
Max | 118.00 | 74.35 | 91.33 | 57.36 | 96.24 | 95.64 | 95.05 | 89.22 | 149.93 | 144.82 | 146.88 | 139.61 | 137.25 | 144.6 | 145.8 | 141.0 | |
Min | 5.6 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 4.8 | 7.7 | 4.8 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 20.33 | 24.4 | 25.4 | 23.4 |
Indoor Air Pollutants | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | Mean | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual air Quality Index | CO2 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.66 | 0.61 |
HCHO | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.31 | |
TVOCs | 0.66 | 0.80 | 0.38 | 0.61 | 0.61 | |
PM10 | 1.04 | 1.07 | 0.91 | 2.25 | 1.32 | |
PM2.5 | 0.85 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 1.87 | 1.17 | |
Seasonal IAQI | 0.87 | 0.92 | 0.77 | 1.59 | 1.04 |
Air Pollutants | Spring | I/O Ratio | Summer | I/O ratio | Autumn | I/O Ratio | Winter | I/O Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO2 concentration | 0.985 ** | 1.139 ab | 0.989 ** | 1.245 bc | 0.997 ** | 1.118 a | 0.834 ** | 1.303 c |
HCHO concentration | 0.996 ** | 0.882 b | 0.725 ** | 1.303 c | −0.022 | 0.728 a | 0.941 ** | 0.860 b |
TVOCs concentration | 0.953 ** | 1.812 b | 0.929 ** | 1.945 b | 0.434 * | 1.294 a | 0.983 ** | 1.039 a |
PM10 concentration | 0.894 ** | 0.856 c | 0.936 ** | 0.982 b | 0.985 ** | 0.788 d | 0.985 ** | 1.097 a |
PM2.5 concentration | 0.942 ** | 0.919 a | 0.560 ** | 0.988 a | 0.960 ** | 0.918 a | 0.986 ** | 0.965 a |
Indoor Air Pollutant Levels | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ta | RH | Ta | RH | Ta | RH | Ta | RH | |
CO2 | −0.796 ** | 0.741 ** | −0.602 ** | 0.666 ** | −0.540 ** | 0.781 ** | 0.370 * | 0.466 * |
HCHO | −0.370 | 0.391 | −0.220 | 0.455 * | 0.167 | −0.114 | 0.633 ** | 0.361 |
TVOCs | −0.445 * | 0.416 * | −0.423 * | 0.657 ** | −0.179 | 0.345 | 0.454 * | 0.525 ** |
PM10 | 0.353 | 0.334 | 0.410 * | −0.628 ** | −0.012 | 0.020 | −0.270 | −0.012 |
PM2.5 | −0.231 | −0.295 | −0.341 * | −0.487 * | −0.417 * | 0.502 * | 0.599 ** | 0.504 * |
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Zong, H.; Tian, L.; Cao, Z.; Luo, M. Exposure of Elderly People to Indoor Air Pollutants in Wanxia Nursing Home. Buildings 2023, 13, 2135. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092135
Zong H, Tian L, Cao Z, Luo M. Exposure of Elderly People to Indoor Air Pollutants in Wanxia Nursing Home. Buildings. 2023; 13(9):2135. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092135
Chicago/Turabian StyleZong, Hua, Lei Tian, Zhimeng Cao, and Minjie Luo. 2023. "Exposure of Elderly People to Indoor Air Pollutants in Wanxia Nursing Home" Buildings 13, no. 9: 2135. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092135