Correction: Shao et al. Outdoor Cold Stress and Cold Risk for Children during Winter: A Study in China’s Severe Cold Regions. Buildings 2022, 12, 936
SP | OS | SS | SR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ta (°C) | Min | −22.5 | −22.6 | −20.9 | −21.2 |
Max | −11.3 | −11.8 | −12.4 | −12.5 | |
Mean ± SD | −16.8 ± 3.2 | −16.9 ± 3.1 | −16.8 ± 1.6 | −16.7 ± 1.7 | |
RH (%) | Min | 13.4 | 18.2 | 8.6 | 13.9 |
Max | 66.4 | 66.2 | 63.1 | 63.3 | |
Mean ± SD | 54.2 ± 7.7 | 54.8 ± 6.5 | 55.6 ± 7.1 | 53.9 ± 7.4 | |
V (m/s) | Min | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Max | 3.4 | 4.4 | 4 | 4.4 | |
Mean ± SD | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.8 | |
G (W/m2) | Min | 17 | 26 | 31 | 35 |
Max | 344 | 449 | 415 | 468 | |
Mean ± SD | 146.5 ± 102.7 | 207.4 ± 116 | 155.3 ± 97.6 | 186.6 ± 127.7 | |
Tg (°C) | Min | −22.2 | −22.3 | −20.9 | −21.1 |
Max | 1.2 | −3.4 | −7.7 | −1.3 | |
Mean ± SD | −12.5 ± 5.5 | −12.2 ± 4.7 | −13.2 ± 3.1 | −11.7 ± 5.2 | |
Tmrt (°C) | Min | −29.6 | −27.4 | −35.2 | −43.9 |
Max | 60.7 | 59.9 | 46.5 | 66.9 | |
Mean ± SD | 2 ± 19.5 | 10.1 ± 18.2 | 2.1 ± 14.4 | 4.6 ± 22.3 |
Gender | Ta | RH | V | G | Tg | Tmrt | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TSV | Male | 0.020 | 0.081 | 0.083 | 0.272 ** | 0.201 ** | 0.238 ** |
Female | 0.081 | −0.011 | −0.027 | 0.123 * | 0.149 * | 0.138 * | |
All | 0.053 | 0.044 | 0.030 | 0.200 ** | 0.178 ** | 0.190 ** |
Thermal Sensation | UTCI (°C) | Modified UTCI (°C) (Female) | Modified UTCI (°C) (Male) | Modified UTCI (°C) (All) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Extreme cold stress | <−40 | <−20.8 | <−19.8 | <−20.5 |
Very strong cold stress | −40 to −27 | −20.8 to −17.5 | −19.8 to −16.6 | −20.5 to −17.1 |
Strong cold stress | −27 to −13 | −17.5 to −13.4 | −16.6 to −12.5 | −17.1 to −12.8 |
Moderate cold stress | −13 to 0 | −13.4 to −6.6 | −12.5 to −5.6 | −12.8 to −6.2 |
Slight cold stress | 0 to 9 | −6.6 to 3.5 | −5.6 to 2.8 | −6.2 to 7.0 |
No thermal stress | 9 to 26 | - | - | - |
Materials | Thermal Conductivity | In the Shade (°C) | In the Sun (°C) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W/(m·K) | max | ave | min | max | ave | min | ||
Brick | Brick | 0.63 | −15.9 | −21.3 ± 3.1 | −27.2 | −12.6 | −17.7 ± 2.5 | −24.4 |
Stone brick | Stone | 0.92 | −17.1 | −22.5 ± 2.6 | −25.9 | −14.1 | −21.1 ± 2.9 | −28.2 |
Ice | Ice (−15 °C) | 2.4 [71] | −13.4 | −18.3 ± 3.6 | −25.3 | |||
Chair | Wood | 0.18 | −17.9 | −20.2 ± 1.0 | −22 | −7.4 | −11.4 ± 1.3 | −16.8 |
Plastic slide | Polyamides | 0.21 | −16.4 | −20.3 ± 2.1 | −25.1 | −10.7 | −15.7 ± 3.6 | −21.8 |
Slide handrail | Steel | 45.3 | −16.2 | −19.5 ± 1.8 | −23.1 | −14.3 | −17.8 ± 2.5 | −21.7 |
Contact Period | Cold Risk | Aluminium | Steel | Stone | Nylon | Wood | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Finger touching | 10 s | Pain | >5 | >5 | 4 | −6 | −10 |
Numbness | 3 | −1 | −15 | −40 | ≤−40 | ||
Frostbite | −7 | −13 | −18 | - | - | ||
Hand gripping | 100 s | Pain | −4 | −7 | −17 | 33 | ≤−40 |
Cold Risk Analysis | Prevention Strategies |
---|---|
Children with light-intensity activities had Icl less than ICLmin (1.88 clo < 3.9 clo), DLEmin = 0.7 h. The risk of hypothermia increased with gradual exposure. |
|
The Icl of children with vigorous-intensity activities was greater than ICLneutral (1.44 clo > 1.0 clo), which caused sweating and accelerated the cooling rate of the body. |
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Overall, the children’s Icl was less than ICLmin,DLEmin = 3.2 h. |
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With tWC less than −24 °C before 10:00 in space OS, children were exposed to Level 2 cooling risk with the risk of skin frostbite. |
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The tWC of space SP, SS, SR was always greater than −24 °C and less than −10 °C; so, it was always at the risk of Level 1 cooling, and the skin was exposed to uncomfortable cold. |
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The average surface temperature of wooden seats in sunlight (−11.4 °C) was 1.4 °C lower than the pain threshold (−10 °C) for fingers touching wood surfaces. Touching wooden seats and plastic slides might cause pain. |
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The average temperature of the stone brick surface under sunlight (−21.1 °C) was 6.1 °C lower than the numbness threshold (−15 °C) of the fingers touching the stone surface, and 3.1 °C lower than the frostbite threshold (−18 °C). Frostbite might occur when fingers touch stone bricks, ice surfaces, and slide handrails. |
|
Reference
- Shao, L.; He, X.; Tang, Y.; Wu, S. Outdoor Cold Stress and Cold Risk for Children during Winter: A Study in China’s Severe Cold Regions. Buildings 2022, 12, 936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
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Shao, L.; He, X.; Tang, Y.; Wu, S. Correction: Shao et al. Outdoor Cold Stress and Cold Risk for Children during Winter: A Study in China’s Severe Cold Regions. Buildings 2022, 12, 936. Buildings 2023, 13, 2344. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092344
Shao L, He X, Tang Y, Wu S. Correction: Shao et al. Outdoor Cold Stress and Cold Risk for Children during Winter: A Study in China’s Severe Cold Regions. Buildings 2022, 12, 936. Buildings. 2023; 13(9):2344. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092344
Chicago/Turabian StyleShao, Long, Xiaoyun He, Yuexing Tang, and Shenglong Wu. 2023. "Correction: Shao et al. Outdoor Cold Stress and Cold Risk for Children during Winter: A Study in China’s Severe Cold Regions. Buildings 2022, 12, 936" Buildings 13, no. 9: 2344. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092344