Prioritizing Subway Station Entrance Attributes to Optimize Passenger Satisfaction in Cold Climate Zones: Integrating Gradient Boosting Decision Trees with Asymmetric Impact-Performance Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Investigating Potential Influencers on Passenger Satisfaction in Cold Climate Subway Entrances
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Analysis Method for the Priority Assessment of Attributes
3. Results
3.1. Model Performance
3.2. Relative Contributions of Independent Variables
3.3. Asymmetric Impact of Attributes and AIPA Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. The Algorithm of Gradient-Boosting Decision Trees
Appendix B. Questionnaire Description
- Gender: “Please indicate your gender”. (Options: Female, Male)
- Age: “Please select your age group”. (Options: 18–25, 26–30, 31–40, 41–50, Over 50)
- Monthly Income (in CNY): “Please select your monthly income range”. (Options: <2000, 2000–5000, 5001–8000, 8001–10,000, >10,000)
- Subway Usage Time: “When do you typically use the subway?” (Options: Peak Hours, Day, Night, Not Fixed)
- Subway Usage Frequency: “How frequently do you use the subway?” (Options: Daily, Frequent, Weekly, Sporadic) Note: ‘Frequent’ is defined as 3–5 days a week, and ‘Weekly’ as 1–2 days a week.
- Peak Subway Usage Season: “During which season do you use the subway the most?” (Options: Summer, Winter, Spring/Autumn, No Difference)
- “Please rate the importance of the following subway entrance attributes on a scale of 1 to 7, where 1 is ‘not at all important’ and 7 is ‘extremely important’”. (A list of 21 attributes was provided for rating.)
- “On a scale of 1 to 7, where 1 is ‘extremely not true’ and 7 is ‘entirely true’, how accurately do the following statements describe the subway entrance you most frequently use?” (Statements related to the 21 attributes were provided for assessment.)
- “On a scale of 1 to 7, where 1 is ‘strongly dissatisfied’ and 7 is ‘strongly satisfied’, how would you rate your satisfaction with the subway entrance you most frequently use?”
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Dimensions | Variables | Abbr. 1 | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Exterior Spatial Configuration | Number of Entrances | NumEntrances | The total number of entry points that serve both as entrances and exits at a subway station. |
Distribution | Distribution | Describes the spatial layout and distribution of subway station entrances within the surrounding urban environment. | |
Design | Design | Details the architectural and aesthetic characteristics of the subway station entrances, including their form and structural elements. | |
Orientation | Orientation | Specifies the compass direction that subway station entrances face, potentially influencing passenger flow and station accessibility. | |
Portal Size | PortalSize | Defines the dimensions of the entry and exit portals, which can affect passenger flow rates and congestion. | |
Independence | Independence | Indicates whether the subway entrance is an independent structure or is architecturally integrated with adjacent buildings. | |
Spatial Legibility | Entry Direction Signage | EntryDirSign | Assesses the presence and effectiveness of signage guiding passengers to the correct entrance pathways. |
Exit Direction Signage | ExitDirSign | Evaluates the clarity and positioning of signage directing passengers to the exit routes. | |
Number of Escalators | NumEscalators | Enumerates the escalators available within the subway station for passenger use. | |
Escalator Operation | EscalatorOp | Categorizes escalators based on the direction of service provided—ascending, descending, or both. | |
Functional Convenience | Vertical Traffic Pattern | VertTrafficPat | Assesses the efficiency of pedestrian flow and trajectory design, examining whether there are conflict points or disruptions when passengers choose between stairs and escalators. |
Horizontal Traffic Pattern | HorizTrafficPat | Analyzes the design of movement paths for passengers entering and exiting the station, focusing on avoiding congestion and ensuring conflict-free pedestrian flow. | |
Stair Area Width | StairWidth | Measures the width of stair areas, which influences the capacity to handle passenger volumes and flow. | |
Stair Tread Area Size | StairTreadSz | Specifies the area size of individual stair treads, a factor in both safety and passenger flow efficiency. | |
Stair Step Height | StairStepHt | Records the variation in height between steps, relevant for ergonomic design and passenger comfort. | |
Safety Measures | SafetyMsrs | Lists and describes additional safety measures in place, such as handrails, lighting, and emergency signage. | |
Buffer Platform | BufferPlatform | Measures the size of designated buffer areas where passengers can pause or wait, helping to manage flow and reduce congestion. | |
Floor Material | FloorMaterial | Describes the anti-slip features of flooring materials used, crucial for safety in high-traffic pedestrian areas. | |
Transitional Environmental Dynamics | Entrance Gathering Space | EntrGathSpace | Quantifies the size of spaces at subway entrances where passengers may gather, aiding in the management of foot traffic and reducing bottlenecks. |
Light and Dark Transition | LightDarkTrans | Examines the change in lighting between the external environment and the subway station interior, affecting passenger comfort and visibility. | |
Temperature Transition | TempTrans | Assesses the difference in temperature between the inside of the subway station and the external environment, with implications for passenger comfort levels. |
Characteristics | Segments | Total Sample | Harbin | Shenyang |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 60.57% | 64.85% | 55.91% |
Male | 39.43% | 35.15% | 44.09% | |
Age | 18–25 | 13.14% | 17.33% | 8.60% |
26–30 | 42.27% | 33.66% | 51.61% | |
31–40 | 23.97% | 19.80% | 28.50% | |
41–50 | 12.63% | 18.81% | 5.91% | |
Over 50 | 7.99% | 10.40% | 5.38% | |
Income 1 | <2000 | 9.54% | 9.40% | 9.68% |
2000–5000 | 46.13% | 51.49% | 40.32% | |
5001–8000 | 27.84% | 26.24% | 29.57% | |
8001–10,000 | 6.70% | 2.97% | 10.75% | |
>10,000 | 9.79% | 9.90% | 9.68% | |
Subway Usage Time 2 | Peak Hours | 20.36% | 15.84% | 25.27% |
Day | 13.66% | 14.36% | 12.90% | |
Night | 0.52% | 0.99% | 0.00% | |
Not Fixed | 65.46% | 68.81% | 61.83% | |
Subway Usage Frequency 3 | Daily | 10.31% | 7.43% | 13.44% |
Frequent | 10.31% | 10.89% | 9.68% | |
Weekly | 17.01% | 14.85% | 19.35% | |
Sporadic | 62.37% | 66.83% | 57.53% | |
Peak Subway Usage Season | Summer | 10.82% | 12.87% | 8.60% |
Winter | 15.46% | 23.76% | 6.45% | |
Spring/Autumn | 2.84% | 2.48% | 3.23% | |
No Difference | 70.88% | 60.89% | 81.72% |
City | Learning Rate | N_Estimators | Max_Depth | Min_Samples _Split | Min_Samples _Leaf | R2 | RMSE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harbin | 0.1 | 300 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 0.6944 | 0.6284 |
Shenyang | 0.05 | 200 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 0.8133 | 0.5581 |
Categories | Variables | Harbin | Shenyang | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | MDI | Perm 1 | Perm Std 2 | Rank | MDI | Perm | Perm Std | ||
Demographics | Income | -- | -- | -- | -- | 7 | 3.8% | 0.035 | 0.020 |
Age | 4 | 5.3% | 0.031 | 0.024 | 9 | 3.6% | 0.084 | 0.026 | |
Sporadic Rider 3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 10 | 3.3% | 0.022 | 0.009 | |
Daily Rider 3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 12 | 2.6% | 0.026 | 0.012 | |
Summer Rider 4 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 16 | 1.5% | 0.024 | 0.017 | |
All-Year Rider 4 | 10 | 3% | 0.024 | 0.016 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
Influential Attributes 5 | Orientation | 1 | 28.4% | 0.209 | 0.098 | 14 | 2% | 0.055 | 0.020 |
ExitDirSign | 2 | 10.5% | 0.134 | 0.072 | 5 | 6% | 0.062 | 0.021 | |
FloorMaterial | 3 | 5.9% | 0.047 | 0.029 | 2 | 9.8% | 0.136 | 0.065 | |
StairStepHt | 5 | 4.5% | 0.039 | 0.031 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
PortalSize | 6 | 3.8% | 0.032 | 0.027 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
BufferPlatform | 7 | 3.7% | 0.048 | 0.010 | 15 | 1.9% | 0.026 | 0.012 | |
NumEntrances | 8 | 3.3% | 0.027 | 0.018 | 13 | 2% | 0.013 | 0.009 | |
SafetyMsrs | 9 | 3.2% | 0.065 | 0.019 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
NumEscalators | 11 | 2.9% | 0.023 | 0.012 | 4 | 6% | 0.057 | 0.014 | |
StairTreadSz | 12 | 2.5% | 0.024 | 0.019 | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
Independence | 13 | 1.5% | 0.034 | 0.011 | 3 | 8.6% | 0.197 | 0.053 | |
EntrGathSpace | 14 | 1.3% | 0.073 | 0.032 | 6 | 4.5% | 0.026 | 0.013 | |
Design | 15 | 1.3% | 0.037 | 0.017 | 8 | 3.7% | 0.067 | 0.029 | |
LightDarkTrans | 16 | 1% | 0.045 | 0.020 | 1 | 25% | 0.208 | 0.068 | |
EntryDirSign | -- | -- | -- | -- | 11 | 3.2% | 0.056 | 0.017 | |
TempTrans | -- | -- | -- | -- | 17 | 1.4% | 0.011 | 0.007 | |
Other Attributes | Total of Other Attributes | -- | 17.9% | -- | -- | -- | 11.1% | -- | -- |
Subway Entrance Attributes | Rank | RIOS | SGP | DGP | IA | Classification | Sat. Mean 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harbin | |||||||
Orientation | 1 | 1.64 | 0.17 | 0.83 | −0.65 | Dissatisfier | 0.03 |
Exit Direction Signage | 2 | 1.11 | 0.07 | 0.93 | −0.87 | Frustrator | −1.43 |
Floor Material | 3 | 0.79 | 0.00 | 1.00 | −1.00 | Frustrator | −1.81 |
Stair Step Height | 4 | 1.28 | 0.21 | 0.79 | −0.58 | Dissatisfier | −0.86 |
Portal Size | 5 | 1.37 | 0.59 | 0.41 | 0.18 | Hybrid | −0.12 |
Buffer Platform | 6 | 1.04 | 0.57 | 0.43 | 0.14 | Hybrid | −0.78 |
Number of Entrances | 7 | 0.40 | 0.07 | 0.93 | −0.86 | Frustrator | 0.32 |
Safety Measures | 8 | 0.60 | 0.10 | 0.90 | −0.81 | Frustrator | −1.13 |
Number of Escalators | 9 | 0.72 | 0.12 | 0.88 | −0.77 | Frustrator | −1.59 |
Stair Tread Area Size | 10 | 1.36 | 0.36 | 0.64 | −0.29 | Dissatisfier | −0.96 |
Independence | 11 | 0.93 | 0.58 | 0.42 | 0.16 | Hybrid | 0.18 |
Entrance Gathering Space | 12 | 0.55 | 0.70 | 0.30 | 0.40 | Satisfier | −1.22 |
Design | 13 | 0.34 | 0.87 | 0.13 | 0.75 | Delighter | 0.66 |
Light Dark Transition | 14 | 1.32 | 0.34 | 0.66 | −0.32 | Dissatisfier | −0.52 |
Shenyang | |||||||
Light Dark Transition | 1 | 1.76 | 0.11 | 0.89 | −0.77 | Frustrator | 0.18 |
Floor Material | 2 | 1.27 | 0.08 | 0.92 | −0.85 | Frustrator | −1.14 |
Independence | 3 | 1.48 | 0.21 | 0.79 | −0.57 | Dissatisfier | 0.17 |
Number of Escalators | 4 | 1.07 | 0.00 | 1.00 | −0.99 | Frustrator | −0.98 |
Exit Direction Signage | 5 | 1.34 | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.04 | Hybrid | −1.33 |
Entrance Gathering Space | 6 | 1.23 | 0.91 | 0.09 | 0.81 | Delighter | −0.48 |
Design | 7 | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.26 | 0.49 | Satisfier | 0.89 |
Entry Direction Signage | 8 | 1.35 | 0.40 | 0.60 | −0.20 | Dissatisfier | −1.04 |
Number of Entrances | 9 | 0.57 | 0.34 | 0.66 | −0.32 | Dissatisfier | −0.60 |
Orientation | 10 | 1.42 | 0.32 | 0.68 | −0.36 | Dissatisfier | 0.27 |
Buffer Platform | 11 | 1.87 | 0.57 | 0.43 | 0.14 | Hybrid | −0.48 |
Temperature Transition | 12 | 1.76 | 0.39 | 0.61 | −0.22 | Dissatisfier | −0.44 |
Priority Levels | Harbin | Shenyang | |
---|---|---|---|
Immediate Need for Improvement | First Priority | Exit Direction Signage (10.5%) Floor Material (5.9%) Stair Step Height (4.5%) Safety Measures (3.2%) Number of Escalators (2.9%) Stair Tread Area Size (2.5%) Independence (1.5%) Light Dark Transition (1%) | Floor Material (9.8%) Number of Escalators (6%) Number of Entrances (2%) Temperature Transition (1.4%) |
Second Priority | Portal Size (3.8%) Buffer Platform (3.7%) | Exit Direction Signage (6%) Entry Direction Signage (3.2%) Buffer Platform (1.9%) | |
Potential for Enhanced Satisfaction | Third Priority | -- | Entrance Gathering Space (4.5%) |
Fourth Priority | Entrance Gathering Space (1.3%) | -- | |
Fifth Priority | Design (1.3%) | Design (3.7%) | |
Sixth Priority | Independence (1.5%) | -- | |
No Need for Improvement | No Priority | Orientation (28.4%) Number of Entrances (3.3%) | Light Dark Transition (25%) Independence (8.6%) Orientation (2%) |
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Ji, X.; Du, Y.; Li, Q. Prioritizing Subway Station Entrance Attributes to Optimize Passenger Satisfaction in Cold Climate Zones: Integrating Gradient Boosting Decision Trees with Asymmetric Impact-Performance Analysis. Buildings 2024, 14, 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010101
Ji X, Du Y, Li Q. Prioritizing Subway Station Entrance Attributes to Optimize Passenger Satisfaction in Cold Climate Zones: Integrating Gradient Boosting Decision Trees with Asymmetric Impact-Performance Analysis. Buildings. 2024; 14(1):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010101
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi, Xian, Yu Du, and Qi Li. 2024. "Prioritizing Subway Station Entrance Attributes to Optimize Passenger Satisfaction in Cold Climate Zones: Integrating Gradient Boosting Decision Trees with Asymmetric Impact-Performance Analysis" Buildings 14, no. 1: 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010101