Optimization of the Energy-Saving Building Envelopes in Regional Climate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Current Status of the Building Envelopes Typical of the Regional Climate
3. Initial Combination Forms of Energy-Saving Envelope
4. Regional Environment Characteristics
5. Single Residential Buildings and Energy Consumption Pattern of the Indoor Personnel
5.1. Single Residential Buildings
5.2. Energy Consumption Pattern of the Indoor Personnel
6. Calculation Method
6.1. TOPSIS Basic Principles
6.2. TOPSIS Calculation Steps
- 1.
- Create a decision or evaluation matrix D
- 2.
- Construct the normalized decision matrix R
- 3.
- Construct the weighted normalized decision matrix V
- 4.
- Determine the positive ideal and negative-ideal solutions Z+ (PIS) and Z− (NIS)
- 5.
- Distance measurement
6.3. RANCOM Basic Principles
6.4. RANCOM Calculation Steps
- 1.
- Define the criteria ranking
- 2.
- Establish the Matrix of Ranking Comparison
- 3.
- Calculate the Summed Criteria Weights
- 4.
- Calculate the final criteria weights
7. Results and Analysis
7.1. TOPSIS Results
- 1.
- Walls
- 2.
- Roof
- 3.
- Windows
- 4.
- Shading
7.2. RANCOM Results
7.3. Optimal Energy Saving Form Energy Consumption for Single Building
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Forms of Combination | The Wall Materials | The Roof Materials | The Window Materials | The Shading Methods |
---|---|---|---|---|
Series 1 | Ceramsite concrete composite block | Basic Roof | Basic Window | No Shading |
Series 2 | Sintered porous brick | |||
Series 3 | Sintered hollow brick | |||
Series 4 | Autoclaved sand aerated concrete block | |||
Series 5 | Autoclaved fly ash aerated concrete block | |||
Series 6 | Foam concrete block | |||
Series 7 | Non-clay sintered insulation brick | |||
Series 8 | Lightweight aggregate concrete hollow | |||
Series 9 | Ordinary concrete porous brick | |||
Series 10 | Ordinary concrete porous block | |||
Series 11 | Sintered ordinary brick masonry | |||
Series 12 | Non-clay sintered insulation block |
Forms of Combination | The Roof Materials | The Wall Materials | The Window Materials | The Shading Methods | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Series 13 | Plant height | 0.10 | Basic Wall | Basic Window | No Shading |
Series 14 | 0.20 | ||||
Series 15 | 0.30 | ||||
Series 16 | 0.40 | ||||
Series 17 | 0.50 | ||||
Series 18 | Leaf area index | 0.10 | |||
Series 19 | 0.20 | ||||
Series 20 | 0.30 | ||||
Series 21 | 0.40 | ||||
Series 22 | 0.50 | ||||
Series 23 | 1.00 | ||||
Series 24 | Leaf reflectivity | 0.10 | |||
Series 25 | 0.20 | ||||
Series 26 | 0.30 | ||||
Series 27 | 0.40 | ||||
Series 28 | 0.80 | ||||
Series 29 | 0.85 | ||||
Series 30 | 0.90 | ||||
Series 31 | 0.95 | ||||
Series 32 | Leaf roughness | very rough | |||
Series 33 | medium rough | ||||
Series 34 | rough | ||||
Series 35 | smooth | ||||
Series 36 | medium smooth | ||||
Series 37 | very smooth | ||||
Series 38 | Soil thickness | 0.05 | |||
Series 39 | 0.10 | ||||
Series 40 | 0.20 | ||||
Series 41 | 0.30 | ||||
Series 42 | 0.40 | ||||
Series 43 | 0.50 | ||||
Series 44 | Soil conductivity | 0.40 | |||
Series 45 | 0.50 | ||||
Series 46 | 0.60 | ||||
Series 47 | 0.70 | ||||
Series 48 | 0.80 | ||||
Series 49 | 0.90 | ||||
Series 50 | 1.00 | ||||
Series 51 | Soil specific heat | 500 | |||
Series 52 | 1000 | ||||
Series 53 | 1500 | ||||
Series 54 | 2000 | ||||
Series 55 | Soil density | 300 | |||
Series 56 | 400 | ||||
Series 57 | 500 | ||||
Series 58 | 1000 | ||||
Series 59 | 1500 | ||||
Series 60 | 2000 |
Forms of Combination | The Window Materials | The Wall Materials | The Roof Materials | The Shading Methods |
---|---|---|---|---|
Series 61 | u = 6.5 plastic–steel window + standard external window | Basic Wall | Basic Roof | No Shading |
Series 62 | u = 6.5 plastic–steel window + blue heat-absorbing single glass | |||
Series 63 | u = 6.5 plastic–steel window + high-transmittance heat-reflecting glass | |||
Series 64 | u =4 plastic–steel window + ordinary hollow | |||
Series 65 | u = 4.6 plastic–steel window + low–e medium transmittance | |||
Series 66 | u = 4.7 paternal steel window + low–e high transmittance | |||
Series 67 | u = 6.6 model steel window + ordinary 3-mm single glass | |||
Series 68 | u = 5.7 insulated heat aluminum alloy + standard external window | |||
Series 69 | u = 5.7 insulated aluminum alloy + blue heat-absorbing glass single glass | |||
Series 70 | u = 5.7 insulated aluminum alloy + high-transmittance heat-reflecting glass | |||
Series 71 | u = 3.4 insulated aluminum alloy + ordinary hollow | |||
Series 72 | u = 4 insulated aluminum alloy + low–e medium permeability | |||
Series 73 | u = 4 insulated aluminum alloy + low–e high permeability | |||
Series 74 | u = 5.8 insulated aluminum alloy + ordinary 3 mm single glass | |||
Series 75 | u = 4.9 PVC plastic–steel type + standard external window | |||
Series 76 | u = 4.9 PVC plastic–steel type + blue heat-absorbing glass single glass | |||
Series 77 | u = 4.9 PVC plastic–steel type + high-transmitting heat-reflecting glass | |||
Series 78 | u = 2.8 PVC plastic–steel type + ordinary hollow | |||
Series 79 | u = 3.3 PVC plastic–steel type + low–e medium permeability | |||
Series 80 | u = 3.4 PVC plastic–steel type + low–e high permeability | |||
Series 81 | u = 5 PVC plastic–steel type + ordinary 3–mm single glass |
Forms of Combination | The Shading Methods | The Wall Materials | The Roof Materials | The Window Materials | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Series 82 | Horizontal shading | Transmittance | 0.20 | Basic Wall | Basic Roof | Basic Window |
Series 83 | 0.30 | |||||
Series 84 | 0.40 | |||||
Series 85 | 0.50 | |||||
Series 86 | 0.70 | |||||
Series 87 | 0.80 | |||||
Series 88 | Extension length of the sun visor | 100 | ||||
Series 89 | 200 | |||||
Series 90 | 300 | |||||
Series 91 | 400 | |||||
Series 92 | 500 | |||||
Series 93 | 600 | |||||
Series 94 | 700 | |||||
Series 95 | 800 | |||||
Series 96 | 900 | |||||
Series 97 | 1000 | |||||
Series 98 | 1100 | |||||
Series 99 | 1200 | |||||
Series 100 | Vertical shading | Transmittance | 0.15 | |||
Series 101 | 0.30 | |||||
Series 102 | 0.40 | |||||
Series 103 | 0.50 | |||||
Series 104 | 0.70 | |||||
Series 105 | 0.80 | |||||
Series 106 | Extension length of the sun visor | 100 | ||||
Series 107 | 200 | |||||
Series 108 | 300 | |||||
Series 109 | 400 | |||||
Series 110 | 500 | |||||
Series 111 | 600 | |||||
Series 112 | 700 | |||||
Series 113 | 800 | |||||
Series 114 | 900 | |||||
Series 115 | 1000 | |||||
Series 116 | 1100 | |||||
Series 117 | 1200 | |||||
Series 118 | Comprehensive shading | Transmittance | 0.15 | |||
Series 119 | 0.30 | |||||
Series 120 | 0.40 | |||||
Series 121 | 0.50 | |||||
Series 122 | 0.70 | |||||
Series 123 | 0.80 | |||||
Series 124 | Extension length of the sun visor | 100 | ||||
Series 125 | 200 | |||||
Series 126 | 300 | |||||
Series 127 | 400 | |||||
Series 128 | 500 | |||||
Series 129 | 600 | |||||
Series 130 | 700 | |||||
Series 131 | 800 | |||||
Series 132 | 900 | |||||
Series 133 | 1000 | |||||
Series 134 | 1100 | |||||
Series 135 | 1200 | |||||
Series 136 | Louver-based shading | Transmittance | 0.15 | |||
Series 137 | 0.30 | |||||
Series 138 | 0.40 | |||||
Series 139 | 0.50 | |||||
Series 140 | 0.70 | |||||
Series 141 | 0.80 | |||||
Series 142 | Louver angle | 0° | ||||
Series 143 | 10° | |||||
Series 144 | 20° | |||||
Series 145 | 30° | |||||
Series 146 | 40° | |||||
Series 147 | 50° | |||||
Series 148 | 60° | |||||
Series 149 | 70° | |||||
Series 150 | 80° | |||||
Series 151 | 90° | |||||
Series 152 | 100° | |||||
Series 153 | 110° | |||||
Series 154 | 120° | |||||
Series 155 | 130° | |||||
Series 156 | 140° | |||||
Series 157 | 150° | |||||
Series 158 | 160° | |||||
Series 159 | 170° | |||||
Series 160 | 180° |
Outdoor Air Temperature (°C) | Outdoor Air Relative Humidity (%) | Environment Wind Speed (m/s) | Solar Radiation Rate (W/m2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
March | 11.93 | 79.00 | 1.39 | 140.98 |
April | 16.93 | 79.48 | 1.55 | 154.38 |
May | 20.97 | 84.23 | 1.50 | 176.77 |
September | 25.51 | 79.13 | 2.10 | 170.31 |
October | 20.86 | 76.01 | 1.65 | 155.59 |
November | 15.90 | 71.06 | 1.39 | 127.68 |
Structure | Practice |
---|---|
Roof (inverted) | From top to bottom: 70 mm thick cement cinder slope layer, 20 mm thick cement mortar leveling layer, 10 mm thick modified asphalt flexible linoleum waterproof layer, 130 mm thick extruded polystyrene board, 20 mm thick cement mortar protective layer, 100 mm thick reinforced concrete, and 20 mm thick cement mortar plastering. |
Walls | From the outside to the inside: 20 mm thick cement mortar plastering, 200 mm thick reinforced concrete plastering, and 20 mm thick cement mortar plastering. |
Floors | From top to bottom: 12 mm thick marble floor tile, 100 mm thick reinforced concrete. |
All-wood door | A 25 mm thick pine and spruce wooden door. |
Envelopes | Thermal Conduction Resistance ((m·K)/W) | Heat Transfer Coefficient (W/(m2·K)) | Thermal Inertness Index |
---|---|---|---|
Wall | 0.16 | 3.16 | 2.64 |
Floor | 0.06 | 4.55 | 2.86 |
Roof (inverted) | 4.39 | 0.22 | 2.84 |
All-wood door | 0.18 | 2.95 | — |
Pattern | Time Quantum | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Natural ventilation | Workday | Open the door | May, September | 06:00–08:00, 17:00–19:00 |
Open the window | March, April, May, September, October, November | 06:00–08:00, 17:00–19:00 | ||
Day off | Open the door | May, September | 08:00–19:00 | |
Open the window | March, April, May, September, October, November | 08:00–19:00 | ||
Illumination | Turn on the light | 06:00–08:00, 17:00–24:00 |
C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
The wall materials | Sintered hollow brick | Ordinary concrete porous brick | Lightweight aggregate concrete hollow | Non-clay sintered insulation brick |
The roof materials | Soil thickness 0.05 | Soil density 1500 | Plant height 0.20 | Leaf roughness smooth |
The window materials | u = 2.8 PVC plastic–steel type + ordinary hollow | u = 3.3 PVC plastic–steel type + Low–e medium permeability | u = 3.4 PVC plastic–steel type + Low–e high permeability | u = 3.4 insulated aluminum alloy + ordinary hollow |
The shading materials | Horizontal shading transmittance 0.20 | Vertical shading transmittance 0.80 | Comprehensive shading–extension length of the sun visor–200 | Louver–based shading transmittance 0.80 |
QAV(QB–QH) (W) | QAV(QB–QV) (W) | QAV(QB–QC) (W) | QAV(QB–QS) (W) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
March | 81.36 | 47.90 | 56.04 | 50.34 |
April | 93.47 | 56.61 | 60.48 | 52.94 |
May | 106.88 | 65.65 | 69.61 | 60.23 |
September | 182.99 | 132.76 | 140.98 | 127.69 |
October | 178.63 | 132.76 | 142.77 | 130.82 |
November | 88.67 | 58.17 | 63.54 | 54.86 |
March | April | May | September | October | November | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horizontal shading (°C) | 0.02–1.31 | 0.04–1.45 | 0.08–1.20 | 0.02–1.06 | 0.07–1.25 | 0.01–1.12 |
Vertical shading (°C) | 0.01–1.30 | 0.04–1.49 | 0.07–1.21 | 0.02–1.05 | 0.06–1.26 | 0.01–1.26 |
Comprehensive shading (°C) | 0.02–1.31 | 0.04–1.49 | 0.09–1.21 | 0.02–1.06 | 0.07–1.25 | 0.01–1.12 |
louver–based shading (°C) | 0.02–1.31 | 0.04–1.49 | 0.09–1.21 | 0.03–1.07 | 0.08–1.25 | 0–1.25 |
Basic building (°C) | 0.08–2.35 | 0.72–2.76 | 1.32–2.36 | 1.21–2.55 | 0.35–2.44 | 0–1.25 |
March | April | May | September | October | November | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horizontal shading (°C) | 0–1.44 | 0.05–1.21 | 0.02–0.68 | 0.06–0.82 | 0.02–1.16 | 1.16–0.07 |
Vertical shading (°C) | 0.06–2.48 | 0.04–1.95 | 0.01–0.85 | 0.02–1.58 | 0–2.25 | 0.01–1.67 |
Comprehensive shading (°C) | 0.03–1.44 | 0.04–1.22 | 0–0.67 | 0–0.83 | 0.02–1.19 | 1.19–0.07 |
Louver–based shading (°C) | 0.07–1.19 | 0.04–1.45 | 0.03–1.23 | 0.01–0.84 | 0.03–1.19 | 0.07–1.10 |
Basic building (°C) | 0.09–1.59 | 0.01–2.01 | 0–1.81 | 0.04–2.12 | 0.03–2.34 | 0.09–1.59 |
March | April | May | September | October | November | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horizontal shading (°C) | 0.14–1.72 | 0.01–1.26 | 0.06–1.00 | 0–0.61 | 0.01–0.89 | 0–1.00 |
Vertical shading (°C) | 0.14–1.71 | 0.01–1.26 | 0.05–0.99 | 0.01–0.60 | 0–0.89 | 0–0.89 |
Comprehensive shading (°C) | 0.15–1.73 | 0.02–1.26 | 0.06–1.01 | 0–0.62 | 0–0.89 | 0.01–1.01 |
Louver-based shading (°C) | 0.15–1.74 | 0.02–1.26 | 0.06–1.01 | 0–0.62 | 0–0.89 | 0.03–0.89 |
Basic building (°C) | 0.60–3.02 | 0.12–3.02 | 0.18–2.32 | 0.39–2.44 | 0.66–2.91 | 0.54–2.71 |
THI–TBI (°C) | TVI–TBI (°C) | TCI–TBI (°C) | TSI–TBI (°C) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
March | 0.82–1.49 | 0.78–1.50 | 0.83–1.50 | 0.83–1.50 |
April | 0.39–2.11 | 0.56–1.46 | 0.60–1.46 | 0.60–1.46 |
May | 0.56–1.16 | 0.55–1.15 | 0.57–1.17 | 0.57–1.17 |
September | 0.26–1.07 | 0.28–1.12 | 0.28–1.09 | 0.29–1.10 |
October | 0.30–1.28 | 0.28–1.28 | 0.31–1.29 | 0.31–1.29 |
November | 0.59–1.32 | 0.57–1.29 | 0.59–1.33 | 0.59–1.33 |
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Diao, R.; Cao, Y.; Sun, L.; Xu, C.; Yang, F. Optimization of the Energy-Saving Building Envelopes in Regional Climate. Buildings 2024, 14, 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14020320
Diao R, Cao Y, Sun L, Xu C, Yang F. Optimization of the Energy-Saving Building Envelopes in Regional Climate. Buildings. 2024; 14(2):320. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14020320
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiao, Rongdan, Yinqiu Cao, Linzhu Sun, Chen Xu, and Fang Yang. 2024. "Optimization of the Energy-Saving Building Envelopes in Regional Climate" Buildings 14, no. 2: 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14020320