Performance and Lifecycle of Hot Asphalt Mix Modified with Low-Percentage Polystyrene and Polybutadiene Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methodologies
- Road bitumen 35/50;
- Road bitumen 50/70;
- SBS polymer;
- Reference road bitumen 10/40–65;
- Natural crushed aggregates (several sources of aggregates used melaphyre, andesite, and dolomite filer).
3. Modificant Testing—FT-IR Spectroscopy
4. Bitumen and Modificant Testing—Penetration, Softening Point, and Elastic Recovery Test
- Road bitumen 50/70 + 3% SBS;
- Road bitumen 10/40–65 reference.
5. Hot Asphalt Mix Testing—The Wheel Tracking Test and the Fatigue Test
- Road bitumen 50/70 + 3% modifier;
- Road bitumen 10/40–65 reference.
- Mixture 1 (SMA11)—length 400 mm, width 300 mm, height 40 mm, weight 11.43 kg, volume 0.0048 m3, and density 2381 kg/m3. The results for Mixture 1 are shown in Table 3.
- Mixture 2 (AC11)—length 400 mm, width 300 mm, height 41 mm, weight 11 kg, volume 0.0049 m3, and density 2236 kg/m3. The results for Mixture 2 are shown in Table 4.
- Mixture 3 (AC22)—length 400 mm, width 300 mm, height 80 mm, weight 21.62 kg, volume 0.0096 m3, and density 2252 kg/m3. The results for Mixture 3 are shown in Table 5.
- The wheel-tracking slope (WTS), calculated as the mean rate at which the rut depth increased with repeated passes of a loaded small-sized device, model B, in millimeters.
- The rut depth (RD) of the material using a small-sized device, in millimeters.
- The mean proportional rut depth (PRD) for the material using a small-sized device, in %.
- Resistance to fatigue (ɛ6).
6. Lifecycle Study—Bearing Capacity
- AC22 with road bitumen 50/70 (unmodified);
- AC22 with road bitumen 50/70 + 3% SBS;
- AC22 with road bitumen 10/40–65 used as a reference mixture.
6.1. Service Life of the Pavement Based on the Different Fatigue Parameters of the Asphalt Mixtures
- AC22 with 50/70 bitumen (unmodified) − 3.57 × 106 DAL;
- AC22 with 50/70 bitumen + 3% modifier − 4.80 × 106 DAL;
- AC22 with 10/40–65 reference bitumen − 5.99 × 106 DAL.
6.2. Lifecycle Study—Emissions Analysis Comparison
6.3. Pavement Performance
- AC22 with the bitumen 10/40–65 PMB as the reference mixture reached a 14 mm rut in 4.80 × 106 DAL, which is about 80% of its designed lifetime;
- AC22 with the bitumen 50/70 + 3% SBS reached a critical rut failure state at 4.32 × 106 DAL at 95% of its designed lifetime;
- AC22 with the bitumen 50/70 reached a critical rut failure state at 3.36 × 106 DAL at 112% of its designed lifetime.
6.4. Emmisions Production and Savings
- Nitrous oxide NOx;
- Sulfur dioxide SO2;
- Carbon dioxide CO29.
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
- Doubles the elastic recovery value;
- The softening point is 3 °C higher, but with an adverse effect on the penetration, and with a 12% worse penetration value compared to unmodified bitumen.
- Doubles the elastic recovery value;
- The softening point is 2.5 °C higher, with a penetration increase of 20%.
- In SMA11, achieves the same resistance to permanent deformation as SMA with the reference road bitumen 10/40–65.
- In AC11, achieves an increase of 89.9% to permanent deformation as AC11 with the reference road bitumen 10/40–65.
- In AC22, achieves an increase of 76% to permanent deformation as AC11 with the reference road bitumen 10/40–65.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Bitumen | Modification Dosage | Penetration (0.1 mm) | Softening Point (°C) | Elastic Recovery (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
road bitumen 35/50 | 0.00% | 48 | 53.65 | 16% |
2.00% | 53 | 57.05 | 48% | |
2.50% | 51 | 57.45 | 49% | |
3.00% | 48 | 57.55 | 51% | |
3.50% | 42 | 57.60 | 54% | |
road bitumen 50/70 | 0.00% | 67 | 49.65 | 12% |
2.00% | 56 | 52.30 | 23% | |
2.50% | 54 | 52.50 | 40% | |
3.00% | 47 | 52.60 | 49% | |
3.50% | 49 | 52.50 | 50% | |
road bitumen 10/40–65 | - | 40 | 65.00 | 70% |
Mixture | Max. Aggregate Size | Sample Thickness | Tempering | No. of Cycles |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mixture 1(SMA11) with 50/70 road bitumen + 3% of SBS modifier | 11 mm | 40 mm | 5 h | 10,000 |
Mixture 1(SMA11) with 10/40–65 road bitumen—reference | 11 mm | 40 mm | 5 h | 10,000 |
Mixture 2(AC11) with 50/70 road bitumen + 3% of SBS modifier | 11 mm | 40 mm | 5 h | 10,000 |
Mixture 2(AC11) with 10/40–65 road bitumen—reference | 11 mm | 40 mm | 5 h | 10,000 |
Mixture 3(AC22) with 50/70 road bitumen + 3% of SBS modifier | 22 mm | 80 mm | 8 h | 10,000 |
Mixture 3(AC22) with 10/40–65 road bitumen—reference | 22 mm | 80 mm | 8 h | 10,000 |
Bitumen | 50/70 + 3% SBS Modifier | 10/40–65 Reference |
---|---|---|
Test temperature | 50 °C | 50 °C |
WTS (mm) | 0.085 mm | 0.10 mm |
RD (mm) | 1.875 mm | 1.900 mm |
PRD (%) | 4.68% | 4.70% |
ɛ6 (μm) | 119 | 190 |
Bitumen | 50/70 + 3% SBS Modifier | 10/40–65 Reference |
---|---|---|
Test temperature | 50 °C | 50 °C |
WTS (mm) | 0.10 mm | 0.10 mm |
RD (mm) | 2.280 mm | 2.050 mm |
PRD (%) | 5.56% | 5.00% |
ɛ6 (μm) | 115 | 125 |
Bitumen | 50/70 + 3% SBS Modifier | 10/40–65 Reference |
---|---|---|
Test temperature | 50 °C | 50 °C |
WTS (mm) | 0.145 mm | 0.07 mm |
RD (mm) | 2.370 mm | 1.800 mm |
PRD (%) | 3.95% | 3.00% |
ɛ6 (μm) | 98 | 131 |
Layer | Poisson Number | Complex Modulus |
---|---|---|
SMA—Stone matrix asphalt | 0.30 | 5195 MPa |
AC22—with road bitumen 50/70 (unmodified) | 0.33 | 7130 MPa |
AC22—with road bitumen 50/70 + 3% SBS | 0.33 | 6930 MPa |
AC22—with road bitumen 10/40–65 | 0.33 | 6192 MPa |
Cement stabilization C12/15 | 0.22 | 2000 MPa |
Gravel Sub-base | 0.35 | 120 MPa |
Subgrade | 0.35 | 60 MPa |
Moisture Classification | Moisture Index | Duration of Dry Season | Mean Monthly Precipitation | Mean Temperature | Avg. Temperature Range | Days T > 32 °C | Freeze Index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Semiarid | −36 | 7.32 months | 54.5 mm | 9.5 °C | 20.2 °C | 19.5 days | 262 |
Van | Medium Lorry | Medium Passenger Car | Heavy Bus | Articulated Truck | Heavy Lorry | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AADT | 1471 | 42 | 4559 | 28 | 182 | 18 | 4876 |
20-year total | 3087 | 882 | 94,639 | 588 | 3822 | 378 | 102,396 |
Vehicle | Nitrous Oxide | Carbon Dioxide | Sulfur Dioxide | |
---|---|---|---|---|
aNOx | FRNOx | aCO2 | aSO2 | |
Light Truck | 0.0270 | 0.0000 | 1.8000 | 0.0050 |
Medium Truck | 0.0270 | 0.0000 | 2.0000 | 0.0050 |
Medium Car | 0.0550 | 0.1700 | 1.8000 | 0.0005 |
Heavy Bus | 0.0270 | 0.0000 | 2.0000 | 0.0050 |
Articulated Truck | 0.0270 | 0.0000 | 2.0000 | 0.0050 |
Heavy Truck | 0.0270 | 0.0000 | 2.0000 | 0.0050 |
Vehicle | a0 (×10−2) | a1 (×10−2) | a2 (×10−2) |
---|---|---|---|
Light Truck | −2.93 | 6.01 | 0.00 |
Medium Truck | 1.39 | 2.90 | 0.00 |
Medium Car | −3.92 | 4.92 | 2.00 |
Heavy Bus | 1.39 | 2.90 | 0.00 |
Articulated Truck | 13.7 | 2.94 | 0.00 |
Heavy Truck | 1.39 | 2.90 | 0.00 |
Year | Carbon Dioxide—CO2 | Sulfur Dioxide—SO2 | Nitrous Oxide—NOx | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AC22 10/40–65 PMB Reference | AC22 50/70 + 3%SBS | AC22 50/70 | AC22 10/40–65 PMB Reference | AC22 50/70 + 3%SBS | AC22 50/70 | AC22 10/40–65 PMB Reference | AC22 50/70 + 3%SBS | AC22 50/70 | |
1 | 367.96 | 368.11 | 368.36 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 2.99 | 2.99 | 2.99 |
2 | 368.12 | 368.55 | 369.33 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 2.99 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
3 | 368.30 | 369.04 | 370.36 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 2.99 | 3.00 | 3.01 |
4 | 368.49 | 369.53 | 371.44 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 3.00 | 3.01 | 3.02 |
5 | 368.68 | 370.05 | 372.58 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 3.00 | 3.01 | 3.03 |
6 | 368.87 | 370.61 | 373.78 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 3.00 | 3.02 | 3.04 |
7 | 369.06 | 371.22 | 375.04 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 3.00 | 3.02 | 3.06 |
8 | 369.26 | 371.89 | 377.36 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 3.00 | 3.03 | 3.08 |
9 | 369.48 | 372.65 | 382.98 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 3.00 | 3.03 | 3.08 |
10 | 369.74 | 373.97 | 459.81 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.54 | 3.01 | 3.05 | 3.49 |
11 | 370.03 | 376.97 | 527.04 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.61 | 3.01 | 3.07 | 3.93 |
12 | 370.38 | 381.58 | 527.04 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.61 | 3.01 | 3.08 | 3.93 |
13 | 370.79 | 447.86 | 527.04 | 0.44 | 0.52 | 0.61 | 3.02 | 3.41 | 3.93 |
14 | 371.72 | 523.87 | 527.04 | 0.44 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 3.03 | 3.91 | 3.93 |
15 | 374.11 | 527.04 | 527.04 | 0.45 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 3.05 | 3.93 | 3.93 |
16 | 378.49 | 527.04 | 527.04 | 0.46 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 3.08 | 3.93 | 3.93 |
17 | 390.59 | 527.04 | 527.04 | 0.47 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 3.09 | 3.93 | 3.93 |
18 | 470.27 | 527.04 | 527.04 | 0.55 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 3.55 | 3.93 | 3.93 |
19 | 527.04 | 527.04 | 527.04 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 3.93 | 3.93 | 3.93 |
20 | 527.04 | 527.04 | 527.04 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 3.93 | 3.93 | 3.93 |
total | 7838.42 | 8598.14 | 9091.44 | 9.31 | 10.12 | 10.66 | 62.68 | 67.21 | 70.10 |
Year | Carbon Dioxide—CO2 | Sulfur Dioxide—SO2 | Nitrous Oxide—NOx | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AC22 10/40–65 PMB Reference | AC22 50/70 + 3%SBS | AC22 50/70 | AC22 10/40–65 PMB Reference | AC22 50/70 + 3%SBS | AC22 50/70 | AC22 10/40–65 PMB Reference | AC22 50/70 + 3%SBS | AC22 50/70 | |
1 | 51,735 | 51,756 | 51,791 | 5289 | 5289 | 5289 | 52,205 | 52,205 | 52,205 |
2 | 51,758 | 51,818 | 51,928 | 5289 | 5289 | 5289 | 52,205 | 52,380 | 52,380 |
3 | 51,783 | 51,887 | 52,073 | 5289 | 5289 | 5289 | 52,205 | 52,380 | 52,555 |
4 | 51,810 | 51,956 | 52,224 | 5289 | 5289 | 5289 | 52,380 | 52,555 | 52,729 |
5 | 51,836 | 52,029 | 52,385 | 5289 | 5289 | 5409 | 52,380 | 52,555 | 52,904 |
6 | 51,863 | 52,108 | 52,553 | 5289 | 5289 | 5409 | 52,380 | 52,729 | 53,078 |
7 | 51,890 | 52,194 | 52,731 | 5289 | 5289 | 5409 | 52,380 | 52,729 | 53,428 |
8 | 51,918 | 52,288 | 53,057 | 5289 | 5289 | 5409 | 52,380 | 52,904 | 53,777 |
9 | 51,949 | 52,395 | 53,847 | 5289 | 5409 | 5529 | 52,380 | 52,904 | 53,777 |
10 | 51,985 | 52,580 | 64,649 | 5289 | 5409 | 6491 | 52,555 | 53,253 | 60,935 |
11 | 52,026 | 53,002 | 74,102 | 5289 | 5409 | 7332 | 52,555 | 53,602 | 68,618 |
12 | 52,075 | 53,650 | 74,102 | 5289 | 5529 | 7332 | 52,555 | 53,777 | 68,618 |
13 | 52,133 | 62,969 | 74,102 | 5289 | 6250 | 7332 | 52,729 | 59,539 | 68,618 |
14 | 52,264 | 73,656 | 74,102 | 5289 | 7332 | 7332 | 52,904 | 68,269 | 68,618 |
15 | 52,600 | 74,102 | 74,102 | 5409 | 7332 | 7332 | 53,253 | 68,618 | 68,618 |
16 | 53,216 | 74,102 | 74,102 | 5529 | 7332 | 7332 | 53,777 | 68,618 | 68,618 |
17 | 54,917 | 74,102 | 74,102 | 5649 | 7332 | 7332 | 53,951 | 68,618 | 68,618 |
18 | 66,120 | 74,102 | 74,102 | 6611 | 7332 | 7332 | 61,983 | 68,618 | 68,618 |
19 | 74,102 | 74,102 | 74,102 | 7332 | 7332 | 7332 | 68,618 | 68,618 | 68,618 |
20 | 74,102 | 74,102 | 74,102 | 7332 | 7332 | 7332 | 68,618 | 68,618 | 68,618 |
total | 1,102,082 | 1,208,898 | 1,278,256 | 111,906 | 121,642 | 128,133 | 1,094,393 | 1,173,487 | 1,223,946 |
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Kozel, M.; Remek, Ľ.; Mikolaj, J.; Mušuta, J.; Šrámek, J.; Mazurek, G. Performance and Lifecycle of Hot Asphalt Mix Modified with Low-Percentage Polystyrene and Polybutadiene Compounds. Buildings 2024, 14, 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14020389
Kozel M, Remek Ľ, Mikolaj J, Mušuta J, Šrámek J, Mazurek G. Performance and Lifecycle of Hot Asphalt Mix Modified with Low-Percentage Polystyrene and Polybutadiene Compounds. Buildings. 2024; 14(2):389. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14020389
Chicago/Turabian StyleKozel, Matúš, Ľuboš Remek, Ján Mikolaj, Juraj Mušuta, Juraj Šrámek, and Grzegorz Mazurek. 2024. "Performance and Lifecycle of Hot Asphalt Mix Modified with Low-Percentage Polystyrene and Polybutadiene Compounds" Buildings 14, no. 2: 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14020389