Temperature Distribution in Asphalt Concrete Layers: Impact of Thickness and Cement-Treated Bases with Different Aggregate Sizes and Crumb Rubber
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Collection from Numerical Simulations
- The pavement surface temperature (Tsuf) was obtained from actual field measurements every 10 min from the field monitoring from 28 June to 2 July 2021, as reported by Tran et al. [18];
- One-way heat transfer in the vertical direction was applied. Thus, the surrounding boundary was insulated;
- A 2 m depth was considered adiabatic due to the roadbed temperature being relatively stable during a monitoring period [39];
3. Effect of CSB on Temperature Distribution in Variable-Thickness AC Layer
3.1. Effect of Graded Aggregates Gradation of CSB
3.2. Effect of RA Contents in Rubberized CSB on Temperature Distribution in AC
4. Model Development ANN for Temperature Distribution Prediction in AC
4.1. Correlation Analysis of Variables
4.2. Development of ANN Model
4.3. Temperature Prediction Comparison between ANN and Numerical Simulations
- (i)
- Selecting appropriate AC properties for pavement analysis and design;
- (ii)
- Estimating the depth AC temperature used to test the modulus of elasticity of semi-rigid pavements using the falling weight deflectometer test;
- (iii)
- Finding a way to reduce temperature distribution in summer seasons;
- (iv)
- Analyzing the long-term performance of pavements.
5. Conclusions
- CSB gradation influences temperature distributions in semi-rigid pavement structures. CSB Dmax 31.5, with a higher density than CSB Dmax 25, resulted in lower temperature fluctuations at the bottom of the AC, of around 8%. It also led to negligible temperature variations between the AC top and bottom, of less than 5.5%;
- Incorporating RA in CSB Dmax 25 reduced the temperature distribution within the AC. Primarily, a 5% addition of RA resulted in up to a 20.4% reduction in temperature fluctuation at the AC bottom. A slight increase in the temperature difference between the top and bottom of the AC was observed when RA was used; however, these changes were insignificant for semi-rigid pavement structures with an hAC exceeding 12 cm;
- The proposed ANN model with four inputs, including the time of day, pavement surface temperature, AC thickness, and depth, was adopted to predict the temperature in the AC of semi-rigid pavements, was confirmed by the Ansys-based numerical simulations. This model was applied in free-rain conditions with a pavement surface temperature range of 32.4 °C ÷ 66.1 °C and an AC thickness varying from 6 cm to 26 cm. The proposed model, confirmed by the numerical simulations, exhibited high accuracy (R2 = 0.996 and MSE = 0.000685).
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Thermal Properties | Temperature of CSB (°C) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
40 | 45 | 50 | 55 | 60 | ||
CSB 0R | Thermal conductivity, λ (W·(m·°C)−1) | 0.899 | 1.023 | 1.146 | 1.270 | 1.393 |
Specific heat capacity, C (J·(kg·°C)−1) | 1280.70 | 1330.59 | 1372.54 | 1408.31 | 1439.16 | |
Density, ρ (kg·m−3) | 2265 | |||||
CSB 5R | Thermal conductivity, λ (W·(m·°C)−1) | 1.442 | 1.342 | 1.242 | 1.142 | 1.042 |
Specific heat capacity, C (J·(kg·°C)−1) | 2032.26 | 1726.46 | 1469.70 | 1251.07 | 1062.65 | |
Density, ρ (kg·m−3) | 2294 | |||||
CSB 10R | Thermal conductivity, λ (W·(m·°C)−1) | 1.113 | 1.049 | 0.985 | 0.921 | 0.857 |
Specific heat capacity, C (J.(kg.°C)−1) | 1780.24 | 1493.33 | 1263.27 | 1074.68 | 917.28 | |
Density, ρ (kg·m−3) | 2184 | |||||
CSB 20R | Thermal conductivity, λ (W·(m·°C)−1) | 1.003 | 0.930 | 0.856 | 0.783 | 0.709 |
Specific heat capacity, C (J·(kg·°C)−1) | 1748.54 | 1424.53 | 1170.41 | 965.78 | 797.46 | |
Density, ρ (kg·m−3) | 2174 |
Paving Materials | Density, ρ (kg·m−3) | Temperature of Materials (°C) | Thermal Conductivity, λ (W·(m·°C)−1) | Specific Heat Capacity, C (J·(kg·°C)−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
AC [10] | 2387 | 30 | 1.59 | 1068.6 |
2387 | 35 | 1.65 | 1087.8 | |
2387 | 40 | 1.71 | 1106.2 | |
2387 | 45 | 1.77 | 1124.0 | |
2387 | 50 | 1.83 | 1141.1 | |
2387 | 55 | 1.89 | 1157.6 | |
2387 | 60 | 1.95 | 1173.5 | |
2387 | 65 | 2.01 | 1188.9 | |
2387 | 70 | 2.07 | 1203.7 | |
CSB Dmax 31.5 [10] | 2371 | 30 | 1.44 | 1063.4 |
2371 | 35 | 1.48 | 1063.9 | |
2371 | 40 | 1.53 | 1064.4 | |
2371 | 45 | 1.58 | 1064.9 | |
2371 | 50 | 1.62 | 1065.3 | |
2371 | 55 | 1.67 | 1065.7 | |
2371 | 60 | 1.72 | 1066.1 | |
Aggregate subbase [42] | 2187 | 1.8 | 964 | |
Soil subgrade [42] | 1418 | 1.1 | 840 |
AC thickness (cm) | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 |
ΔTbottomAC change (%) | 3.3 | 5.2 | 6.5 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 7.4 | 7.3 |
ΔTmaxAC change (%) | −5.5 | −4.1 | −3.8 | −1.9 | −1.9 | −1.4 | −1.0 | −0.5 | −0.9 | −0.6 | −0.2 |
AC Thickness (cm) | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔTbottomAC change (%) | 5R | −7.0 | −11.6 | −14.2 | −16.4 | −18.0 | −19.1 | −19.9 | −20.4 | −20.0 | −20.2 | −20.4 |
10R | −0.5 | −1.8 | −3.1 | −4.2 | −5.2 | −6.1 | −6.7 | −7.2 | −6.9 | −7.2 | −7.5 | |
20R | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.6 | −0.3 | −1.3 | −2.1 | −2.8 | −3.3 | −3.1 | −3.5 | −3.8 | |
ΔTmaxAC change (%) | 5R | 9.5 | 7.8 | 5.4 | 3.2 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.0 | −0.2 | −0.3 |
10R | 2.4 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | −0.1 | −0.2 | |
20R | −0.4 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1 | −0.2 |
AC Depth (cm) | RMSE of AC Temperature (°C) between Numerical Simulation and ANN for Each AC Layer Thickness (cm) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | |
0 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.34 |
2 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.39 | 0.38 |
5 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 |
7 | - | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.34 |
10 | - | - | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.37 |
12 | - | - | - | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.39 |
14 | - | - | - | - | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.41 |
16 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.67 |
18 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.44 |
20 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.45 |
22 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.47 |
24 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.49 | 0.48 |
26 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.50 |
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Tran, T.T.T.; Pham, P.N.; Nguyen, H.H.; Nguyen, P.Q.; Zhuge, Y.; Liu, Y. Temperature Distribution in Asphalt Concrete Layers: Impact of Thickness and Cement-Treated Bases with Different Aggregate Sizes and Crumb Rubber. Buildings 2024, 14, 2470. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082470
Tran TTT, Pham PN, Nguyen HH, Nguyen PQ, Zhuge Y, Liu Y. Temperature Distribution in Asphalt Concrete Layers: Impact of Thickness and Cement-Treated Bases with Different Aggregate Sizes and Crumb Rubber. Buildings. 2024; 14(8):2470. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082470
Chicago/Turabian StyleTran, Thao T. T., Phuong N. Pham, Hai H. Nguyen, Phuc Q. Nguyen, Yan Zhuge, and Yue Liu. 2024. "Temperature Distribution in Asphalt Concrete Layers: Impact of Thickness and Cement-Treated Bases with Different Aggregate Sizes and Crumb Rubber" Buildings 14, no. 8: 2470. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082470