Enhancing Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: A Techno-Economic Analysis of Distributed Energy Resources and Local Grid Integration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Utilizing solely the local grid infrastructure.
- (2)
- Employing an integrated DER and local grid configuration.
2. Related Work
2.1. Studies on Infrastructure Design of EVCS
2.2. Studies Focusing on Optimization Strategies for EV Charging
2.3. Studies Focusing on Service Fee Calculations for EV Charging
2.4. Studies Focusing on the Integration of DERs and EVCSs
- (1)
- A comprehensive analysis of different building types and a real data-based economic evaluation are presented. Previous studies have focused on specific building types or limited data, whereas this paper analyzes EVCS operation data from building types, including residential, commercial/business, and public facilities. The characteristics and challenges of each environment are identified, and real data provided by KEPCO are used to evaluate the economics, ROI, and payback period, thereby obtaining reliable results;
- (2)
- Integration of DERs and the local grid: While existing studies mainly focus on either DERs or the power grid, this paper proposes to maximize the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of EVCSs through the integration of DERs and the local power grid. In doing so, we explore ways to increase energy reliability, address grid congestion, and generate additional revenue by selling excess energy from DERs.
- (3)
- Optimization strategy through seasonal and hourly demand pattern analysis: While existing studies mainly consider the overall demand pattern, this paper analyzes the EVCS operation data in detail by monthly, weekly, and hourly data to understand the variability in charging demand. Based on this, an efficient charging infrastructure operation strategy is proposed, and policy and regulatory factors are considered to provide effective support.
3. Process for EVCS Techno-Economic Analysis
3.1. Selection of EVCS Testbeds and Analysis of Building Types Using Public Data
3.2. Examination of the Operational Characteristics of EVCS Testbeds by Building Type
3.2.1. Monthly Operation Characteristics Analysis
3.2.2. Weekly Operation Characterization
3.2.3. Hourly Operational Characterization
4. Techno-Economic Analysis for EVCS Based on Local Grid
4.1. Examination of Revenue Generated by the EVCS Charging Services
4.2. Examination of the Cost of Electricity Used for EVCS Fast Charging Service
4.3. Examination of ROI Investment Process Based on EVCS Profit
4.4. Technical and Economic Analysis of Local Grid Operation to EVCS Testbeds
5. Technical and Economic Analysis of EVCSs Based on Integration of DERs and Local Grid Operations
5.1. Simulation of DERs Utilizing PV
5.2. Technical and Economic Analysis of EVCS Testbeds Integrated with DERs and Local Power Grid Operations
6. Conclusions and Discussion
- (1)
- Integration of different DERs: Future research should investigate the integration of various DERs, including wind and hydropower, in suburban and rural areas, with the aim of enhancing energy efficiency and cost savings;
- (2)
- Regional and seasonal variations: It is recommended that future research investigate how geographic region and seasonal variations affect the integration and efficiency of different DERs, not just solar power;
- (3)
- User behavior and installation location: It is essential to analyze the impact of user behavior, EVCS installation location, electricity supply reliability, price volatility, and policy factors on EVCS usage patterns in order to improve deployment and operational strategies;
- (4)
- Policy and regulatory compliance: The impact of policies, regulations, economic incentives, and subsidies on the integration and efficiency of DERs and EVCSs in different regions must be investigated.
- (5)
- CAPEX analysis: A comprehensive CAPEX analysis, including the costs associated with ESSs, is essential to evaluate the economic viability of integrating DERs and EVCSs and to inform the development of effective financial support mechanisms by policymakers.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
---|---|---|---|
Data Collection Period | January 2020~ December 2020 | January 2021~ December 2021 | January 2022~ December 2022 |
Number of EVCSs (EA) | 391 | 409 | 443 |
Amount of Collected Data (Sessions) | 278,071 | 138,999 | 252,149 |
Type | Residential Facilities | Educational/Cultural Facilities | Neighborhood Facilities | Commercial/Business Facilities | Public Facilities | Other Facilities |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of EVCSs (EA) | 281 | 10 | 6 | 18 | 70 | 6 |
Number of Fast Chargers (EA) | 301 | 21 | 13 | 35 | 101 | 8 |
EVCS Charging Session (times) | 31,194 | 5936 | 9321 | 18,725 | 67,041 | 3939 |
EVCS Charging Amount (kWh) | 780,323 | 152,814 | 221,760 | 437,545 | 1,609,891 | 98,662 |
Charging Time (min) | 2,314,955 | 322,653 | 447,157 | 947,566 | 3,487,964 | 223,283 |
Average Charge Time per Session (min) | 74 | 54 | 48 | 51 | 52 | 57 |
Average Charging Session (Times) | 85 | 16 | 25 | 51 | 138 | 11 |
Type (Unit: USD/kWh) | Demand Price | Energy Charge | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TOU Electricity | Summer | Spring, Autumn | Winter | ||
Tariff (EVCS) | 1.87 | Low load | 0.045 | 0.039 | 0.052 |
Medium load | 0.074 | 0.046 | 0.066 | ||
Peak load | 0.09 | 0.049 | 0.076 |
Type (Unit: USD) | Residential Facility Testbed | Commercial/ Business Facility Testbed | Public Facility Testbed |
---|---|---|---|
Total Investment (Fast charger, 1EA) | 14,484.5 | 14,484.5 | 14,484.5 |
EVCS Revenue | 3760.3 | 9832.5 | 11,587.5 |
Demand Charge | 1121.1 | 1121.1 | 1121.1 |
Total Energy Charge | 1131.2 | 3365.2 | 3741.3 |
EVCS Profit | 1508 | 5346.1 | 6725.1 |
ROI (%) | 10.4% | 36.9% | 46.4% |
EVCS Payback Period (years) | 9.61 | 2.71 | 2.15 |
Type (Unit: m2) | Residential Facility | Commercial/ Business Facility | Public Facility |
---|---|---|---|
Area | 640 | 570 | 608 |
Operational Period | Residential Facility (Unit: USD) | Commercial/ Business Facility (Unit: USD) | Public Facility (Unit: USD) |
---|---|---|---|
Jan 2020 | 481.7 | 284.5 | 336.3 |
Feb 2020 | 475.5 | 326.8 | 313.3 |
Mar 2020 | 671.1 | 495.8 | 566.8 |
Apr 2020 | 817.6 | 697.3 | 676.9 |
May 2020 | 774.8 | 657.8 | 665.8 |
Jun 2020 | 674.4 | 522.5 | 515.5 |
Jul 2020 | 570.2 | 405.7 | 369.5 |
Aug 2020 | 554.8 | 352.4 | 304.0 |
Sep 2020 | 633.3 | 519.8 | 445.4 |
Oct 2020 | 734.5 | 568.8 | 550.2 |
Nov 2020 | 544.7 | 403.1 | 340.5 |
Dec 2020 | 572.3 | 397.1 | 361.6 |
total | 7504.8 | 5631.6 | 5445.7 |
Type (Unit: USD) | Residential Facility Testbed | Commercial/ Business Facility Testbed | Public Facility Testbed |
---|---|---|---|
Total Investment (Fast charger, 1EA) | 14,484.5 | 14,484.5 | 14,484.5 |
EVCS Revenue | 3760.3 | 9832.5 | 11,587.5 |
Demand Charge | 1121.1 | 1121.1 | 1121.1 |
Total Energy Charge | 688 | 2285 | 2555.6 |
Residual Energy Sales Revenue | 7504.8 | 5631.6 | 5445.7 |
EVCS Profit | 9456 | 12,058 | 13,356.5 |
ROI (%) | 65.3 | 83.2 | 92.2 |
EVCS Payback Period (years) | 1.53 | 1.20 | 1.08 |
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Lee, T.; Yoon, G.; Kang, B.; Choi, M.-i.; Park, S.; Park, J.; Park, S. Enhancing Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: A Techno-Economic Analysis of Distributed Energy Resources and Local Grid Integration. Buildings 2024, 14, 2546. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082546
Lee T, Yoon G, Kang B, Choi M-i, Park S, Park J, Park S. Enhancing Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: A Techno-Economic Analysis of Distributed Energy Resources and Local Grid Integration. Buildings. 2024; 14(8):2546. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082546
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Tacklim, Guwon Yoon, Byeongkwan Kang, Myeong-in Choi, Sangmin Park, Junhyun Park, and Sehyun Park. 2024. "Enhancing Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: A Techno-Economic Analysis of Distributed Energy Resources and Local Grid Integration" Buildings 14, no. 8: 2546. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082546