Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of Metallurgical Slag Aggregate Concrete and Artificial Aggregate Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Experimental Program
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Cement
2.1.2. Natural Aggregate
2.1.3. Recycled Aggregate
2.1.4. Metallurgical Slag Aggregate
2.1.5. Artificial Aggregate
2.2. Experimental Program
2.3. Specimen Preparation, Curing, and Testing
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Effect of the Replacement Ratio of CA on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete
3.2. The Effect of RCA on REPS-Recycled Aggregate Concrete and SS-Recycled Aggregate Concrete
3.3. The Effect of the Replacement Level of Fine Aggregate (FA) on Concrete
3.4. The Effect of the Replacement Level of FA on RAC
4. Microstructure Analysis
5. Conclusions
- When the FA replacement rates are set at 20%, 30%, and 40%, substituting natural fine aggregate with SS, CS, and IS enhances the mechanical properties of concrete. ISC demonstrates superior compressive and splitting tensile strengths compared with CSC and SSC. Specifically, at a 30% IS replacement rate, the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of ISC are 32.8% and 35.6% higher than those of NAC, respectively.
- The impact of REPS coarse aggregate on concrete compressive strength surpasses that of REPS fine aggregate, whereas REPS fine aggregate excels in enhancing splitting tensile strength. Specifically, at a 20% replacement rate of REPS as coarse aggregate, REPSC exhibits a 35.3% increase in compressive strength and an 8.8% increase in splitting tensile strength compared with NAC. Conversely, at a 20% replacement rate of REPS as fine aggregate, REPSC shows a 20.7% increase in compressive strength and an 18.9% increase in splitting tensile strength compared with NAC.
- As the replacement rate of RCA increases from 20% to 35% to 50%, the mechanical properties of RAC gradually decrease. Substituting natural aggregate with CS fine aggregate or REPS coarse aggregate improves the mechanical properties of RAC. Specifically, at a 35% replacement rate of RCA, CS-RAC (30% CS as fine aggregate) shows a 12.2% increase in compressive strength and a 16.0% increase in splitting tensile strength compared with RAC with the same replacement rate of RCA. Meanwhile, at a 50% replacement rate of RCA, REPS-RAC (REPS as coarse aggregate at a 20% replacement rate) exhibits superior mechanical properties, with a 16.8% increase in compressive strength and a 38.3% increase in splitting tensile strength compared with RAC under the same RCA replacement rate.
- Considering environmental protection and engineering costs, it is advisable to use CS or IS as fine aggregate to replace natural aggregate. For RAC, REPS coarse aggregate or CS fine aggregate can be considered as suitable alternatives.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors [Literature] | Aggregate Types | Main Findings (on the Optimal Replacement Rate) |
---|---|---|
Saxena & Tembhurkar (2018) [21] | SS coarse aggregate | 50% replacement of basalt aggregate with SS |
Guo et al. (2019) [22] | SS fine aggregate | SS content of 20% |
Sharba (2019) [23] | SS fine aggregate | Mix (25% SS and 15% recycled aggregate) |
Lai et al. (2021) [24] | SS aggregate | 50% for CA, 30% for FA |
Baalamurugan et al. (2021) [25] | SS aggregate | Mix (40% of slag as CA and 100% as FA) |
Olofinnade et al. (2021) [26] | SS fine aggregate | 40% (in consideration of compressive strength) |
Sun et al. (2023) [27] | SS coarse aggregate | SS instead of 50% gravel |
Zhang et al. (2022) [34] | CS fine aggregate | 40% CS replace natural sand |
Sharma & Khan (2021) [35] | CS fine aggregate | 40% CS substitution |
Yaswanth et al. (2022) [36] | CS fine aggregate | replacement of CS by upto 40% |
Zalnezhad et al. (2022) [37] | CS fine aggregate | 30% CS as a partial replacement of aggregate |
Sheikh et al. (2022) [38] | CS fine aggregate | Containing 40% CS |
Chemical Composition | SiO2 | Fe2O3 | MgO | Al2O3 | CaO | TiO2 | Cr2O3 | MnO | K2O | Na2O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SS | 27.3 | 21.6 | 17.1 | 10.7 | 10.3 | 0.66 | 6.08 | 2.20 | 1.09 | 1.33 |
CS | 27.5 | 37.2 | 0.73 | 11.4 | 5.34 | 0.55 | 0.45 | 0.73 | 1.16 | 2.69 |
IS | 11.2 | 73.9 | 1.71 | 4.88 | 0.95 | 2.79 | 1.47 | 0.25 | 0.58 | 1.65 |
REPS | 30.8 | 1.75 | 1.59 | 30.8 | 4.71 | 0.80 | 0.07 | 0.22 | 6.45 | 2.58 |
Specimens | Replacement Ratio | Natural Aggregate | Recycled Aggregate | Metallurgical Slag as FA | Cement (kg/m3) | Water (kg/m3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(by Volume) | FA (kg/m3) | CA (kg/m3) | CA (kg/m3) | SS (kg/m3) | CS (kg/m3) | IS (kg/m3) | |||
W1+1 | 20% | 537 | 1093 | 0 | 0 | 166 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
W1+2 | 30% | 470 | 1093 | 0 | 0 | 248 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
W1+3 | 40% | 403 | 1093 | 0 | 0 | 332 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
W1-1 | 20%∣35% | 537 | 710 | 361 (35%) | 0 | 166 (20%) | 0 | 373 | 205 |
W1-2 | 30%∣35% | 470 | 710 | 361 (35%) | 0 | 248 (30%) | 0 | 373 | 205 |
W1-3 | 40%∣35% | 403 | 710 | 361 (35%) | 0 | 332 (40%) | 0 | 373 | 205 |
W2+1 | 20% | 537 | 1093 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 223 | 373 | 205 |
W2+2 | 30% | 470 | 1093 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 334 | 373 | 205 |
W2+3 | 40% | 403 | 1093 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 446 | 373 | 205 |
W2-1 | 20%∣35% | 537 | 710 | 361 (35%) | 0 | 0 | 223 (20%) | 373 | 205 |
W2-2 | 30%∣35% | 470 | 710 | 361 (35%) | 0 | 0 | 334 (30%) | 373 | 205 |
W2-3 | 40%∣35% | 403 | 710 | 361 (35%) | 0 | 0 | 446 (40%) | 373 | 205 |
W3+1 | 20% | 537 | 1093 | 0 | 174 | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
W3+2 | 30% | 470 | 1093 | 0 | 261 | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
W3+3 | 40% | 403 | 1093 | 0 | 348 | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
W3-1 | 20%∣35% | 537 | 710 | 361 (35%) | 174 (20%) | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
W3-2 | 30%∣35% | 470 | 710 | 361 (35%) | 261 (30%) | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
W3-3 | 40%∣35% | 403 | 710 | 361 (35%) | 348 (40%) | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
Specimens | Replacement Ratio | Natural Aggregate | Recycled Concrete Aggregate | Steel Slag Aggregate | Rare Earth Porcelain Sand | Cement (kg/m3) | Water (kg/m3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(by Volume) | FA (kg/m3) | CA (kg/m3) | FA (kg/m3) | CA (kg/m3) | CA (kg/m3) | FA (kg/m3) | CA (kg/m3) | |||
Z-1 | 0% | 671 | 1093 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
Z-2 | 20% | 671 | 875 | 0 | 206 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
Z-3 | 35% | 671 | 710 | 0 | 361 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
Z-4 | 50% | 671 | 546 | 0 | 515 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
Z-5 | 20% | 671 | 875 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 205 | 373 | 205 |
Z-6 | 35% | 671 | 710 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 358 | 373 | 205 |
Z-7 | 50% | 671 | 546 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 512 | 373 | 205 |
Z-8 | 20%∣20% | 671 | 656 | 0 | 206 (20%) | 0 | 0 | 205 (20%) | 373 | 205 |
Z-9 | 35%∣20% | 671 | 492 | 0 | 361 (35%) | 0 | 0 | 205 (20%) | 373 | 205 |
Z-10 | 50%∣20% | 671 | 323 | 0 | 516 (50%) | 0 | 0 | 205 (20%) | 373 | 205 |
Z-11 | 20% | 537 | 1093 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 131 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
Z-12 | 30% | 470 | 1093 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 197 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
Z-13 | 40% | 403 | 1093 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 264 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
Z-14 | 20% | 537 | 1093 | 130 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
Z-15 | 30% | 470 | 1093 | 195 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
Z-16 | 40% | 403 | 1093 | 260 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
Z-17 | 20% | 671 | 875 | 0 | 0 | 269 | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
Z-18 | 35% | 671 | 710 | 0 | 0 | 471 | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
Z-19 | 50% | 671 | 546 | 0 | 0 | 673 | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
Z-20 | 20%∣20% | 671 | 656 | 0 | 206 (20%) | 269 (20%) | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
Z-21 | 35%∣20% | 671 | 492 | 0 | 361 (35%) | 269 (20%) | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
Z-22 | 50%∣20% | 671 | 323 | 0 | 516 (50%) | 269 (20%) | 0 | 0 | 373 | 205 |
Specimens | Element (wt%) | Atom Ratio | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | O | Na | Mg | Al | Si | K | Ca | Fe | Si:Ca | (Al + Fe):Ca | Mg:Ca | |
Z-1 | 30.8 | 48.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 14.6 | 0.5 | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.02 |
Z-4 | 27.1 | 49.5 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 15.9 | 0.4 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 3.53 | 0.38 | 0.04 |
Z-13 | 27.5 | 51.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 4.4 | 0.2 | 14.7 | 0.4 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.01 |
W1+3 | 31.0 | 47.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 17.1 | 1.1 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.02 |
W2+3 | 33.0 | 46.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 4.9 | 0.1 | 12.1 | 0.9 | 0.40 | 0.24 | 0.02 |
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Zhang, X.; Gao, M.; Zhang, D.; Zhang, B.; Wang, M. Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of Metallurgical Slag Aggregate Concrete and Artificial Aggregate Concrete. Buildings 2024, 14, 2548. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082548
Zhang X, Gao M, Zhang D, Zhang B, Wang M. Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of Metallurgical Slag Aggregate Concrete and Artificial Aggregate Concrete. Buildings. 2024; 14(8):2548. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082548
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xueyuan, Meiling Gao, Daoming Zhang, Biao Zhang, and Mengyao Wang. 2024. "Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of Metallurgical Slag Aggregate Concrete and Artificial Aggregate Concrete" Buildings 14, no. 8: 2548. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082548
APA StyleZhang, X., Gao, M., Zhang, D., Zhang, B., & Wang, M. (2024). Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of Metallurgical Slag Aggregate Concrete and Artificial Aggregate Concrete. Buildings, 14(8), 2548. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082548