Assessment of the Impact of Complex Healthcare Features on Construction Waste Generation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methodology
3. Literature Review
3.1. Construction Waste Definition
3.2. Definition of Construction Waste Minimisation
3.3. Causes of Construction Waste
Lifecycle stages | Construction waste causes |
---|---|
Pre-Design Phase | Briefing
|
Design Phase | Drawings-related
|
Materials selection and specification-related
| |
Other
| |
Contract Agreement Phase | Tender/contract document-related
|
Other
| |
Construction Phase | Material procurement
|
Material storage
| |
Material handling
| |
On site management and planning
| |
Site operation
| |
Transportation
| |
Residual
|
3.4. Complexities in Healthcare Project Life Cycles
3.4.1. Pre-Design Phase
3.4.2. Design Phase
3.4.3. Contract Agreement Phase
3.4.4. Construction Phase
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Preliminary Interview Results
4.1.1. Healthcare Complexities and Construction Waste Generation
Complex Healthcare Features | Number of Respondents (of 25) | Level of Impact on Waste Generation (Code) |
---|---|---|
Functional Features | ||
Complex building requirements for different shapes and sizes of rooms. | 22 | Significant |
Complex mechanical and electrical services of the building. | 20 | Significant |
Requirement for a large number of materials to satisfy quality standards. | 15 | Moderate |
Complex nature of identifying all the functional requirements of the building at an early stage. | 14 | Moderate |
Requirement for high density of materials per m2 of the building. | 11 | Moderate |
Operational Features | ||
Adaptable and flexible building-needs to fulfil future requirements. | 10 | Moderate |
Continuous operation of hospital buildings in construction sites. | 18 | Significant |
High wear and tear of the building throughout the lifetime. | 5 | Mild/no |
Functional Features
Operational Features
4.2. Questionnaire Survey Results
4.2.1. Impact of Healthcare Complexities on Construction Waste Causes and Origins
Waste Causes | Mean Ratings | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Functional Features | Operational Features | ||||||||
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | |
Pre-Design and Contract Agreement Phase | |||||||||
Incomplete briefing | 4.3 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 3.7 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.0 |
Clients’ lack of awareness of the construction process | 3.5 | 3.8 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 |
Inefficiencies in communication and coordination | 3.6 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Lack of concentration on adaptability and flexibility by clients | 3.4 | 3.2 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 3.4 | 1.0 |
Clients’ are not willing to change their requirements to standard sizes | 4.0 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.0 |
Clients’ lack of knowledge about the materials available | 2.6 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.0 |
Type of contract varying the responsibility for waste generation | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.3 |
Inconsistencies in the contract documents | 2.4 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Design Phase | |||||||||
Lack of knowledge of alternative materials | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.4 |
Incorrect drawing details | 4.1 | 3.4 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Complex designs generating a lot of off-cuts | 4.3 | 3.7 | 1.8 | 3.1 | 3.7 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.0 |
Over-/under-specification | 3.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.9 |
Inefficiencies in communication and coordination | 3.5 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 |
Design changes | 4.0 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.0 |
Delays in drawings causing time pressure during construction | 2.4 | 1.6 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Wrong selection of material in the lifecycle | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
Not thinking about the best ways to design | 3.3 | 2.2 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 1.9 |
Non-standardisation of designs | 3.5 | 3.6 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.0 |
Lack of awareness about waste generation in the construction process | 3.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
Construction Phase | |||||||||
Poor workmanship causing rework | 4.0 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 1.0 | 1.1 |
Inadequate communication and coordination among parties | 3.6 | 3.6 | 1.3 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.0 |
Lack of planning & organisation | 3.5 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 4.2 | 1.3 | 1.0 |
Care and quality of trades used | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 3.3 | 1.4 | 3.5 |
Material handling and storage facilities on site | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 4.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Domingo, N. Assessment of the Impact of Complex Healthcare Features on Construction Waste Generation. Buildings 2015, 5, 860-879. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings5030860
Domingo N. Assessment of the Impact of Complex Healthcare Features on Construction Waste Generation. Buildings. 2015; 5(3):860-879. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings5030860
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomingo, Niluka. 2015. "Assessment of the Impact of Complex Healthcare Features on Construction Waste Generation" Buildings 5, no. 3: 860-879. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings5030860