Defining the Distinctiveness of Urban Heritage Identity: Chiang Mai Old City, Thailand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Distinctiveness
“…Distinctiveness” “as a social value, an aspect of self-enhancement, a fundamental human need, and a basic property of the construction of meaning within identity”
1.2. Urban Heritage
1.3. Urban Identity
2. The Study Case
Chiang Mai Old City
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Questionnaire
Sample Size Questionnaire
- n = signifies the sample size
- N = signifies the population being studied
- e = signifies the margin error (It could be 0.10, 0.50 or 0.01)
3.2. Focus Group
Sample Size Focus Group
3.3. Data Collection and Analysis Process
4. Results
4.1. Questionnaire Results
4.1.1. Landmark
4.1.2. Uniqueness
Historical Value
Identity
4.1.3. Particular Character
4.1.4. Different Perception
Cultural Activities
4.1.5. Everyday Life
4.2. Focus Group Results
4.2.1. Landmark
4.2.2. Uniqueness
Historical Value
Identity
4.2.3. Particular Character
4.2.4. Different Perception
Cultural Activities
4.2.5. Community
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Core Elements | Dynamic Elements | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Natural Features | Man Made Features | Cultural identity and people | Food Drink and Crafts | Industry and Business |
Location | Historic Features | Event | Craft | Manufacturing |
Topography | Townscape | Language | Artifact | Cultural Industries |
Natural | Buildings | Tradition | Food | Land uses |
Landscape | Monument | Famous Person | Drink | Activities |
Habitat | Transportation | Dressing | ||
Coastline | Music | |||
Native Plants | ||||
Natural Materials |
Landmarks | Uniqueness | Particular Character | Different Perception |
---|---|---|---|
Respondent’s perception of Landmark of City | Respondent’s perception about attractive place | Respondent’s perception about good place to eat | Respondent’s perception of cultural activity in research area |
Respondent’s perception of accessible to visit research area | Respondent’s perception of historic buildings in research area | Respondent’s perception of diversity of local product in research area | Respondent’s perception of tourism facilities in research area |
1. Determine and organize theoretically sensitive types of data | |
2. Identify content areas | |
In each Content Area | 3. Conduct a manifest analysis of content data |
4. Conduct a latent analysis of content data | |
5. Analyze interaction data | |
6. Integrate the results in each content area (integrate the results obtained through steps 3 to 5) | |
7. Integrate and report the results of all previous steps for all content areas |
Group: Distinctiveness of Urban Heritage of Chiang Mai Old City, Thailand | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subgroup: Urban factors | Subgroup: Culture and Tradition | Subgroup: Human factors | |||
CMU1 | CMU2 | CMU3 | CMU4 | CMU5 | CMU6 |
(MU1) | (MU2) | (MU3) | (MU4) | (MU5) | (MU6) |
G1L | G1I | G1HV | G1CA | G1PC | G1C |
G2L | G2I | G2HV | G2CA | G2PC | G2C |
GDL | GDI | GDHV | GDCA | GDPC | GDC |
CMU = Condensed Meaning Unit | MU = Meaning Unit | ||||
GXX = Group (No.)(CMU) | GDX = Group Discussion (CMU) |
Name of the Place | x | Landmark | Historical Value | Particular Character | Cultural Activities | Everyday Life | Identity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pra Singha Temple | 243 | 11 | 117 | 33 | 76 | 2 | 2 |
2 | Chedi Luang Temple | 224 | 4 | 98 | 9 | 107 | 5 | 1 |
3 | Three Kings Monument Square | 129 | 21 | 57 | 40 | 3 | 8 | 0 |
4 | Tha-Pear Gate Square | 76 | 15 | 23 | 17 | 1 | 12 | 8 |
5 | Chiang Mun Temple | 59 | 0 | 37 | 2 | 19 | 1 | 0 |
6 | Pun Tow Temple | 48 | 0 | 9 | 5 | 34 | 0 | 0 |
7 | Chiang Mai Moat | 44 | 6 | 21 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 8 |
8 | Burirad Palace | 29 | 0 | 17 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
9 | Chiang Mai Gate | 27 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 5 | 1 |
10 | Inthakin Temple | 24 | 0 | 16 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
11 | Duang Dee Temple | 22 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
12 | Chang Puak Gate | 21 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
13 | Larm Chang Temple | 19 | 0 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 0 |
14 | Old City Hall | 19 | 0 | 15 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
15 | Prasart Temple | 17 | 0 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
16 | Women Correctional Institute | 16 | 0 | 15 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
17 | Suan Dok Gate | 13 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
18 | Inthakin Pillar-Gurjan Tree | 12 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
19 | Yupparad School | 11 | 0 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
20 | Sri Phum Fort | 11 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
21 | Pan Oun Temple | 10 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
22 | San Prung Gate | 10 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
23 | U-Mong Temple | 9 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
24 | Koun Kha Mah Temple | 8 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
25 | Sumpaw Temple | 8 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
26 | Sanmuangma Temple | 7 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
27 | Dok Aueng Temple | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
28 | Wua Lai Walking Street | 6 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
29 | Jed Rin Temple | 6 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
30 | Chang Tam Temple | 6 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
31 | Muen Ran Temple | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
32 | Tha Pare Walking Street | 5 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
33 | Chai Pra Kiat Temple | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
34 | Buak Hard Public Park | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
35 | Mung Rai King Stupa | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
36 | Ga-Thum Fort | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
37 | Gu-Huang Fort | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
38 | Hua Rin Fort | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Group: Distinctiveness of Urban Heritage of Chiang Mai Old City, Thailand | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subgroup: Urban factors | Subgroup: Culture and Tradition | Subgroup: Human factors | |||
Landmark | Identity | Historical Values | Cultural Activities | Particular Characters | Community |
“the uniqueness of local raw materials (brick) on city wall and forts represented the landmark of place and leads local people to disguise the landmark of place”(G1L) “If we talk about what we recognize and see when traveling around the city, it would be the moat, the gates and the forts because once we give the direction to someone, we always mention these urban artifacts to give them the sense of direction” (G2L) | “Whole body of the city representing the identity of Chiang Mai Old City”(G1I) “The building style of the temples provides a narrative of the way of life of people, the extraordinary space which appears in those buildings also tells the story from the past to present of Lanna identity” (G1I) “identity is represented through our own spiritual being, however, the physical features and social life in the city are also the image of the city which consists of the red truck (Rod Dang - the main vehicle of transportation in Chiang Mai), the uniqueness of the Chiang Mai people’s personality which is described as shy and speaking politely and softly. Nevertheless, it also includes the Northern Thai food, cultural and unique style of clothses.” (G2I) | “The archeological sites in Chiang Mai Old City reflect the value of Lanna history” (G1HV) (G2HV) “Timeline of architects and buildings in the city could define the history of place.” (G1HV) (G2HV) | “I join the Inthakin festival every year at Chedi Luang Temple” (G1CA) (G2CA) “If I could pick any place for make merit, it would be in the Old City rather than other” (G1CA) (G2CA) “the main idea of Inthakin is to worship the pillar of the city by using flowers (Kun Dok), …in the past a lot of people who lived in the community grew many types of the lucky flower bushes (Thai belief) in front of their house and used these flowers for the ceremony and to share with the neighbourhood.” (GDCA) | “Northern Thai food is the signature dish which tells the story of the history and culture. Furthermore, the northern costumes which we wore since we were young and have worn as part of school regulations every Friday are also a key part of the city’s character.” (G2PC) “…see the difference of the regional costume in Northern provinces, people still wear it in everyday life but, once I went to Bangkok everyone asked me whether I had just joined a wedding reception? Or why do you dress like an old lady?” (G2PC) “crafts in the North are unique and hidden amongst the community in the alleys of Chiang Mai Old City.” (G1PC) “There are lot of craftsmanship communities with trades such as Goldsmiths (Chang Thong), Painting (Chang Tam), Gong (Chang Gong), Northern hair pins decorated with golden flowers (Dok Mai Wai). These are the artifacts which are unintentionally combined with the society, place, space and community of the Old City.” (G1PC) | “… community still strong enough to survive in the change of economic but I feel regret when I saw everyone change their identity for serve a tourism industry. I would be great if the council support their community heritage careers” (G1C) “I feel proud with my city and proud to tell everyone that I live here.” (G2C) “I think Chiang Mai people retain their way of life from the past and still have their Lanna spirit and it is important that local people still join the cultural activities, follow traditions and have adapted these to the current situation.” (G2C) “Local people retain the vital aspect to increase the identity and economy in the old city because they have learned how to use the old things commercially and to preserve them for the community’s advantage.” (G2C) |
Rank | Aspects | Place | Typical Words from Participants to Places |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Historical Value | Pra Singha Temple | Ancient place, Important place; historical traveling; conservation place; realized by historical location; knowledgeable place; activities place |
2 | Cultural Activities | Chedi Luang Temple | Pray to the Buddha; Inthakin Festival; make merit; lighting candles for blessing; a pagoda; special festival; visited for a special religion ceremony |
3 | Particular Character | Three Kings Monument Square | Located in neighborhood; childhood memories; merchandise; good place for food; activities space; place for traveling |
4 | Everyday life | Tha-Pare Gate Square | On the route to work; had visited the place; see the place |
5 | Landmark | Three Kings Monument Square | Landmark; memories of Chiang Mai; traveller landmark; easy to find the place |
6 | Identity | Tha-Pare Gate Square and Chiang Mai City Moat | Identity; image of Chiang Mai City; reputation value |
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Phetsuriya, N.; Heath, T. Defining the Distinctiveness of Urban Heritage Identity: Chiang Mai Old City, Thailand. Soc. Sci. 2021, 10, 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10030101
Phetsuriya N, Heath T. Defining the Distinctiveness of Urban Heritage Identity: Chiang Mai Old City, Thailand. Social Sciences. 2021; 10(3):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10030101
Chicago/Turabian StylePhetsuriya, Natthakit, and Tim Heath. 2021. "Defining the Distinctiveness of Urban Heritage Identity: Chiang Mai Old City, Thailand" Social Sciences 10, no. 3: 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10030101