I Was the Violence Victim, I Am the Perpetrator: Bullying and Cyberbullying Perpetration and Associated Factors among Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Types of Bullying
1.2. Bullying Perpetration Risk and Protective Factors
1.3. Bullying among Adolescents and Peer Social Dynamics
1.4. Research Questions
- -
- The likelihood of becoming a (cyber)bullying perpetrator in adolescents with different sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, and mothers’ education);
- -
- The likelihood of becoming a (cyber)bullying perpetrator in adolescents with personal experiences of violence (physical and sexual abuse in childhood, bullying and cyberbullying victimization, dating violence);
- -
- The likelihood becoming a bullying and cyberbullying perpetrator in adolescents with a different perception of peer social support and acceptance of violence.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Participants
2.4. Measures
2.4.1. Dependent Variable
2.4.2. Covariates
2.4.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Bullying and/or Cyberbullying Perpetration
3.2. Bullying and/or Cyberbullying Perpetration and Associated Factors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bullying/Cyberbullying Perpetration | |||
---|---|---|---|
Yes n (%) | No n (%) | p-Value | |
Sex | |||
Girls | 86 (12.32) | 612 (87.68) | 0.002 |
Boys | 85 (18.97) | 363 (81.03) | |
Mother’s education | |||
Primary | 18 (11.92) | 133 (88.08) | 0.254 |
Secondary/university | 154 (15.48) | 841 (84.52) | |
Dating violence | |||
Never dating | 57 (13.19) | 375 (86.81) | <0.001 |
Yes | 57 (26.27) | 160 (73.73) | |
No | 58 (11.74) | 436 (88.26) | |
Has suffered physical and/or sexual abuse before 15 by an adult | |||
Yes | 63 (29.58) | 150 (70.42) | 0.001 |
No | 106 (11.29) | 833 (88.71) | |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p-Value | |
Age | 15.03 (1.14) | 14.01 (1.35) | <0.001 |
Social support from classmates | 42.80 (11.88) | 49.48 (12.40) | <0.001 |
MVQ—acceptance of violence | 6.81 (3.52) | 5.22 (3.45) | <0.001 |
Bullying/Cyberbullying Perpetration | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable (Reference) | IRR | CI 95% | p-Value | |
Age | 1.592 | 1.453 | 1.745 | <0.001 |
Sex (Reference group: “girls”) | ||||
Boys | 1.540 | 1.169 | 2.028 | 0.002 |
Mother’s education (Reference group: primary) | ||||
Secondary/university | 1.298 | 0.822 | 2.051 | 0.263 |
Dating violence (Reference group: “I have never been in a dating relationship”) | ||||
Yes | 1.991 | 1.433 | 2.767 | <0.001 |
No | 0.890 | 0.632 | 1.253 | 0.504 |
Has suffered physical and/or sexual abuse before 15 by an adult (Reference group “yes”) | ||||
No | 0.382 | 0.290 | 0.502 | <0.001 |
Victim of bullying/cyberbullying (Reference group: “yes”) | ||||
No | 4.090 | 3.016 | 5.547 | <0.001 |
MVQ—acceptance of violence | 1.111 | 1.071 | 1.152 | <0.001 |
Social support from classmates | 0.966 | 0.957 | 0.975 | <0.001 |
Model 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable (Reference) | IRR | CI 95% | p-Value | |
Age | 1.369 | 1.143 | 1.639 | 0.001 |
Sex (Reference group: “girls”) | ||||
Boys | 1.716 | 1.321 | 2.229 | <0.001 |
Mother’s education (Reference group: primary) | ||||
Secondary/university | 0.772 | 0.454 | 1.313 | 0.340 |
Model 2 Experience of Violence | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable (Reference) | IRR | CI 95% | p-Value | |
Age | 1.201 | 1.006 | 1.433 | 0.042 |
Sex (Reference group: “girls”) | ||||
Boys | 1.610 | 1.243 | 2.085 | <0.001 |
Mother’s education (Reference group: primary) | ||||
Secondary/university | 0.769 | 0.471 | 1.256 | 0.294 |
Dating violence (Reference group “I have never been in a dating relationship”) | ||||
Yes | 1.490 | 1.076 | 2.064 | 0.016 |
No | 1.040 | 0.760 | 1.425 | 0.804 |
Has suffered physical and/or sexual abuse before 15 by an adult (Reference group: “yes”) | ||||
No | 0.613 | 0.466 | 0.808 | 0.001 |
Victim of bullying/cyberbullying (Reference group: “No”) | ||||
Yes | 2.927 | 2.127 | 4.026 | <0.001 |
Model 3 Self-Esteem and Social Support | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable (Reference) | IRR | CI 95% | p-Value | |
Age | 1.154 | 0.966 | 1.379 | 0.115 |
Sex (Reference group: “girls”) | ||||
Boys | 1.132 | 0.853 | 1.503 | 0.391 |
Mother’s education (Reference group: primary) | ||||
Secondary/university | 0.681 | 0.410 | 1.130 | 0.137 |
Dating violence (Reference group: “I have never been in a dating relationship”) | ||||
Yes | 1.452 | 1.050 | 2.009 | 0.024 |
No | 1.062 | 0.779 | 1.449 | 0.702 |
Has suffered physical and/or sexual abuse before 15 by an adult (Reference group: “yes”) | ||||
No | 0.729 | 0.552 | 0.965 | 0.027 |
Victim of bullying/cyberbullying (Reference group: “No”) | ||||
Yes | 2.662 | 1.933 | 3.669 | <0.001 |
MVQ—acceptance of violence | 1.118 | 1.068 | 1.170 | <0.001 |
Social support from classmates | 0.981 | 0.970 | 0.993 | 0.002 |
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Share and Cite
Jankowiak, B.; Jaskulska, S.; Pérez-Martínez, V.; Pyżalski, J.; Sanz-Barbero, B.; Bowes, N.; Claire, K.D.; Neves, S.; Topa, J.; Silva, E.; et al. I Was the Violence Victim, I Am the Perpetrator: Bullying and Cyberbullying Perpetration and Associated Factors among Adolescents. Soc. Sci. 2024, 13, 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13090452
Jankowiak B, Jaskulska S, Pérez-Martínez V, Pyżalski J, Sanz-Barbero B, Bowes N, Claire KD, Neves S, Topa J, Silva E, et al. I Was the Violence Victim, I Am the Perpetrator: Bullying and Cyberbullying Perpetration and Associated Factors among Adolescents. Social Sciences. 2024; 13(9):452. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13090452
Chicago/Turabian StyleJankowiak, Barbara, Sylwia Jaskulska, Vanesa Pérez-Martínez, Jacek Pyżalski, Belén Sanz-Barbero, Nicola Bowes, Karen De Claire, Sofia Neves, Joana Topa, Estefânia Silva, and et al. 2024. "I Was the Violence Victim, I Am the Perpetrator: Bullying and Cyberbullying Perpetration and Associated Factors among Adolescents" Social Sciences 13, no. 9: 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13090452