Views on Public Transport and How Personal Experiences Can Contribute to a More Positive Attitude and Behavioural Change
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Attitudes Towards Driving
1.2. Attitudes Towards Public Transport
1.3. Theoretical Framework
The Prediction of Intention
1.4. Aims
2. Method
2.1. Procedure
2.2. Participants
3. Results
3.1. Study 1
3.1.1. Prediction of the Intention to Travel by Bus
3.1.2. Assessment of Regular Bus Users and Car Drivers and Indirect Measures
3.2. Study 2
3.3. Study 3—Questionnaire and the Use of PT Three Months Later
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1 | Separate analysis was carried out to test for multicollinearity. The results showed that the level of tolerance was around 0.7 and VIF around 1, indicating that this was not a problem. |
% | |
---|---|
Age distribution | |
18–30 | 0.7 |
31–45 | 10.9 |
45–60 | 23.2 |
>60 | 65.2 |
Gender | |
Female | 57.0 |
Household net income per month | |
Low (<2400 euro) | 42.6 |
Medium (2401–4800 euro) | 33.0 |
High (<4800 euro) | 24.4 |
Education | |
Low (secondary school and/or college) | 39.2 |
High (further education) | 59.4 |
Working hours | |
<20 | 15.5 |
21–39 | 18.4 |
40–50 | 63.5 |
>50 | 2.5 |
Access to a car | |
Always | 81.9 |
Sometimes | 11.3 |
Never | 6.8 |
Study Variable | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Behavioural beliefs (∑b) | 4.71 | (1.28) | - | ||||
2. Outcome evaluation (∑e) | 5.08 | (0.77) | 0.17 | - | |||
3. Subjective norm | 6.00 | (1.65) | 0.39 | 0.11 n.s. | - | ||
4. Descriptive norm | 2.88 | (1.58) | 0.29 | 0.17 | 0.30 | - | |
5. Perceived behavioural control | 4.95 | (2.09) | 0.47 | 0.11 n.s. | 0.19 | 0.13 | - |
6. Intention to use the bus | 2.65 | (2.21) | 0.49 | 0.07 n.s. | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.41 |
Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE B | β | B | SE B | β | B | SE B | β | |
BB | 0.48 | 0.12 | 0.29 ** | 0.48 | 0.12 | 0.29 ** | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.14 * |
SN | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 |
DN | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 |
PBC | 0.26 | 0.06 | 0.28 ** | 0.27 | 0.07 | 0.28 ** | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.10 * |
Adj R2 | 0.26 | ||||||||
Gender | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.05 | |||
Age | 0.13 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.06 | |||
Income | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.11 * | |||
Adj R2 | 0.25 | ||||||||
PB | 0.94 | 0.07 | 0.67 ** | ||||||
Adj R2 | 0.59 |
Bus (n = 58) | Car (n = 193) | |
---|---|---|
Age distribution (%) | ||
18–30 | 14.0 | 3.1 |
31–45 | 24.6 | 40.1 |
45–60 | 35.1 | 37.0 |
>60 | 26.3 | 19.8 |
Gender *** | ||
Female | 77.2 | 50.8 |
Male | 22.8 | 49.2 |
Children under the age of 10 (% yes) | 31.4 | 37.3 |
Children between 11 to 15 (% yes) * | 15.2 | 27.7 |
Household net income per month | ||
Low (<2400 euro) | 48.2 | 42.0 |
Medium (2401–4800 euro) | 30.4 | 34.7 |
High (<4800 euro) | 21.4 | 23.3 |
Education | ||
Low (lower than bachelor’s degree) | 38.6 | 33.9 |
High (bachelor’s degree or higher) | 61.4 | 59.9 |
Working hours | ||
<20 | 13.7 | 12.3 |
21–39 | 19.6 | 18.2 |
40–50 | 64.7 | 66.8 |
>50 | 2.0 | 2.7 |
Access to a car *** | ||
Always | 47.4 | 97.9 |
Sometimes | 22.8 | 2.0 |
Never | 29.8 | 0 |
Distance travelled most frequently (km) ** | 32.3 | 21.1 |
Behavioural Beliefs | Bus (n = 58) M (SD) | Car (n = 193) M (SD) | p | d | Intention r (n = 295) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Be able to relax | 6.56 (0.76) | 5.07 (1.91) | *** | 1.02 | 0.30 ** |
Feel free | 5.55 (1.42) | 3.58 (1.99) | *** | 1.14 | 0.42 ** |
Get to the destination quickly | 5.25 (1.56) | 3.24 (1.92) | *** | 1.15 | 0.49 ** |
Believe that it is inconvenient | 2.67 (1.54) | 4.42 (1.87) | *** | 1.02 | −0.36 ** |
Travel in a cheap way | 5.41 (1.78) | 3.91 (1.78) | *** | 0.88 | 0.41 ** |
Feel unsafe | 1.74 (1.22) | 2.69 (1.69) | ** | 0.64 | −0.21 ** |
Get a pleasant journey | 5.92 (1.08) | 4.34 (1.66) | *** | 1.12 | 0.41 ** |
Contribute to a better environment | 6.49 (0.92) | 5.87 (1.42) | ** | 0.52 | 0.15 * |
Get some time for myself | 5.83 (1.42) | 4.30 (2.06) | *** | 0.86 | 0.39 ** |
Outcome Evaluation | Bus (n = 51) M (SD) | Car (n = 188) M (SD) | p | d | Intention r (n = 295) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feel free | 5.65 (1.59) | 6.19 (1.29) | * | 0.37 | n.s |
Get to the destination quickly | 5.90 (1.28) | 6.45 (0.93) | ** | 0.49 | −0.16 * |
That the journey is convenient | 5.76 (1.70) | 6.52 (0.79) | *** | 0.57 | −0.21 * |
Travel in a cheap way | 6.32 (0.91) | 5.54 (1.57) | *** | 0.61 | 0.16 * |
Contribute to a better environment | 6.26 (1.01) | 5.65 (1.49) | *** | 0.48 | 0.16 * |
Descriptive Norm | Bus (n = 58) M (SD) | Car (n = 193) M (SD) | p | d | Intention r (n = 295) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Friends | 3.70 (1.94) | 2.73 (1.58) | *** | 0.55 | 0.22 ** |
Family | 3.37 (2.25) | 2.49 (1.85) | * | 0.43 | 0.22 ** |
Perceived Behavioural Control | Bus (n = 58) M (SD) | Car (n = 193) M (SD) | p | d | Intention r (n = 295) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Easy to travel by bus | 6.24 (1.11) | 4.31 (2.17) | * | 1.12 | 0.41 * |
Behavioural Beliefs | Before M (SD) | After M (SD) | p | d |
---|---|---|---|---|
Get to the destination quickly a | 3.68 (1.70) | 4.77 (1.78) | *** | 0.63 |
Travel in a cheap way a | 4.25 (1.91) | 5.44 (1.70) | ** | 0.70 |
Get a pleasant journey a | 4.33 (1.48) | 5.17 (1.53) | ** | 0.53 |
Easy to travel by bus b | 5.30 (1.86) | 5.94 (1.43) | * | 0.39 |
PC (%) | C (%) | P (%) | A (%) | M (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | 17.6 | 82.4 | - | - | - |
After | 8.8 | 17.6 | 58.8 | 14.7 | - |
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Forward, S.E. Views on Public Transport and How Personal Experiences Can Contribute to a More Positive Attitude and Behavioural Change. Soc. Sci. 2019, 8, 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8020047
Forward SE. Views on Public Transport and How Personal Experiences Can Contribute to a More Positive Attitude and Behavioural Change. Social Sciences. 2019; 8(2):47. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8020047
Chicago/Turabian StyleForward, Sonja E. 2019. "Views on Public Transport and How Personal Experiences Can Contribute to a More Positive Attitude and Behavioural Change" Social Sciences 8, no. 2: 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8020047