The Global Emergence of Human Babesiosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Babesia Species | Year Case Reported | Major Region of Transmission | Primary Vector |
---|---|---|---|
Babesia microti | 1968 [32] | United States (Northeast, northern Midwest) | I. scapularis |
Babesia divergens | 1957 [33] | Western Europe | I. ricinus |
Babesia duncani | 1991 [34] | United States (Farwest) | D. albipictus |
Babesia venatorum (EU1) | 2003 [35] | Europe (Austria, Italy) | I. ricinus |
China | I. persulcatus | ||
Babesia motasi (KO-1) | 2007 [26] | South Korea | unknown |
Babesia crassa-like agent | 2018 [11] | Northeast China | I. persulcatus |
Genetic variants | |||
Babesia divergens-like | 1996 [36] | United States | Unknown |
Babesia microti-like (TW1) | 1997 [30] | Taiwan, Japan | Unknown |
Continent/Country | Causative Agent (Number of Cases) |
---|---|
Africa | Babesia spp. |
Egypt | Babesia sp. (4) [21] |
Mozambique | Babesia sp. (2) [8] |
South Africa | Babesia sp. (2) [29] |
Asia | B. crassa-like agent, B. divergens B. microti, B. motasi, B. venatorum |
China | B. crassa-like agent, B. divergens B. microti, B. venatorum |
India | Babesia sp. (1) [22,23] |
Japan | B. microti (1) [24] |
Korea | B. motasi (2) [25,26] |
Mongolia | B. microti (3) [28] |
Australia | B. microti |
New South Wales | B. microti (1) [13] |
Europe | B. crassa-like agent, B. divergens, B. microti, B. venatorum |
Canary Islands (Spain) | B. divergens-like agent (1) [18] |
North America | B. divergens-like, B. duncani, B. microti |
United States | B. divergens-like, B. duncani, B. microti |
Canada | B. microti (1), B. odocoilei (2) [16,17] |
Mexico | B. microti (4), Babesia spp. (3) [27,59] |
South America | B. microti |
Bolivia | B. microti (9) [14] |
Brazil | Babesia sp. (1) [15] |
Colombia | Babesia sp. (1), B. bovis (4), B. bigemina (2) [19] |
Ecuador | B. microti (1) [20] |
2. Epidemiologic Tools
2.1. Case Surveillance
2.2. Case Reports and Case Series
2.3. Serosurveys
2.4. Ecological Studies
Tick Vector and Mammalian Host Surveillance
2.5. Genomics
2.6. Mathematical Modeling
3. Modes of Transmission and Demographics of Human Babesiosis
4. Human Babesiosis in the Americas
4.1. Overview
4.2. United States
4.2.1. Babesia microti Infection
4.2.2. Babesia duncani Infection
4.2.3. Babesia divergens-Like Infection
4.2.4. Coinfection
4.3. Canada
4.4. Mexico
4.5. South America
5. Human Babesiosis in Europe
5.1. Overview
5.2. Babesia divergens
5.3. Babesia venatorum
5.4. Babesia microti
5.5. Babesia crassa-Like Agent
6. Babesiosis in Asia
6.1. Overview
6.2. China
6.2.1. Human Infection
6.2.2. Babesia venatorum
6.2.3. Babesia crassa-Like Agent
6.2.4. Babesia microti
6.2.5. Babesia divergens
6.2.6. Tick-Vectors and Animal Hosts of Babesia spp. in China
6.3. India
6.4. Japan
6.5. Korea
6.6. Mongolia
7. Babesiosis in Africa
8. Babesiosis in Australia
9. Conclusions
10. Patents
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kumar, A.; O’Bryan, J.; Krause, P.J. The Global Emergence of Human Babesiosis. Pathogens 2021, 10, 1447. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10111447
Kumar A, O’Bryan J, Krause PJ. The Global Emergence of Human Babesiosis. Pathogens. 2021; 10(11):1447. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10111447
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumar, Abhinav, Jane O’Bryan, and Peter J. Krause. 2021. "The Global Emergence of Human Babesiosis" Pathogens 10, no. 11: 1447. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10111447