Next Article in Journal
Role of Extracellular Mycobacteria in Blood-Retinal Barrier Invasion in a Zebrafish Model of Ocular TB
Next Article in Special Issue
Genome-Based Analysis of Klebsiella spp. Isolates from Animals and Food Products in Germany, 2013–2017
Previous Article in Journal
Whole-Genome Sequencing and Comparative Genomics of Three Helicobacter pylori Strains Isolated from the Stomach of a Patient with Adenocarcinoma
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Pathogens
Volume 10
Issue 3
10.3390/pathogens10030332
pathogens-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Prevalence of blaKPC-2, blaKPC-3 and blaKPC-30—Carrying Plasmids in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated in a Brazilian Hospital

by
Letícia B. Migliorini
1,
Romário O. de Sales
1,
Paula C. M. Koga
2,
Andre M. Doi
2,
Anja Poehlein
3,
Alexandra R. Toniolo
4,
Fernando G. Menezes
4,
Marines D. V. Martino
2,
Ana C. Gales
5,
Holger Brüggemann
6 and
Patricia Severino
1,*
1
Albert Einstein Research and Education Institute, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
2
Laboratório Clínico, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
3
Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
4
Serviço de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
5
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
6
Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pathogens 2021, 10(3), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030332
Submission received: 8 February 2021 / Revised: 22 February 2021 / Accepted: 1 March 2021 / Published: 12 March 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) actively hydrolyzes carbapenems, antibiotics often used a last-line treatment for multidrug-resistant bacteria. KPC clinical relevance resides in its widespread dissemination. In this work, we report the genomic context of KPC coding genes blaKPC-2, blaKPC-3 and blaKPC-30 in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Brazil. Plasmids harboring blaKPC-3 and blaKPC-30 were identified. Fifteen additional carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates were selected from the same tertiary hospital, collected over a period of 8 years. Their genomes were sequenced in order to evaluate the prevalence and dissemination of blaKPC–harboring plasmids. We found that blaKPC genes were mostly carried by one of two isoforms of transposon Tn4401 (Tn4401a or Tn4401b) that were predominantly located on plasmids highly similar to the previously described plasmid pKPC_FCF3SP (IncN). The identified pKPC_FCF3SP-like plasmids carried either blaKPC-2 or blaKPC-30. Two K. pneumoniae isolates harbored pKpQIL-like (IncFII) plasmids, only recently identified in Brazil; one of them harbored blaKPC-3 in a Tn4401a transposon. Underlining the risk of horizontal spread of KPC coding genes, this study reports the prevalence of blaKPC-2 and the recent spread of blaKPC-3, and blaKPC-30, in association with different isoforms of Tn4401, together with high synteny of plasmid backbones among isolates studied here and in comparison with previous reports.

1. Introduction

Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae represent a significant global health threat [1]. Enterobacteriaceae become resistant to carbapenems by three major mechanisms: porin alteration, hyper-expression of efflux pumps, and β-lactamase production [2]. There are three main groups of β-lactamases associated with resistance to carbapenems (carbapenemases): Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), metallo-β-lactamases, and OXA-48-like β-lactamase. Mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids and transposons, are the main vectors enabling and facilitating the spread of these resistance determinants [3,4].
KPC is a plasmid-encoded enzyme which occurs in several different variants, and its clinical relevance is associated with its worldwide spread [5]. The occurrence of carbapanemases varies according to the geographic region; the KPC-2 variant has been reported as the most frequent carbapenemase in Latin America [6,7]. In Brazil, the first report of KPC-2 occurred in 2006, and soon, numerous reports attested to its widespread dissemination [8,9,10,11]. KPC-2 and KPC-3 differ by only one amino acid (H272Y) and are the most prevalent carbapenemases worldwide [12,13,14,15]. Only KPC-2 is currently considered endemic in Brazil [10,16]. The treatment of infections by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae is complicated, with severe clinical and socioeconomic consequences [4,17,18].
Despite the worldwide spread of KPC, genomic studies including KPC-harboring isolates from Latin America, and in particular from Brazil, are underrepresented in the literature. For instance, a recent study evaluated all KPC-harboring plasmids described in the NCBI database, and only 12 out of 257 representative KPC-plasmids evaluated were from Brazil, all harboring blaKPC-2 [19].
Our hospital is one of the Brazilian medical centers enrolled in a longitudinal surveillance study (Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends, SMART) [20]. Due to our participation, two KPC variants not previously reported in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil, blaKPC-3, and blaKPC-30, were identified in K. pneumoniae isolated in Brazil [21]. Both isolates showed resistance to colistin, a last-resort therapeutic drug against multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
In this work, we report the genomic characterization of these two isolates by whole genome sequencing. In addition, 15 K. pneumoniae isolates, collected in the same tertiary hospital over a period of 8 years, were genome-sequenced. We found blaKPC-harboring plasmids in most isolates; these originated from two different plasmids and contained blaKPC-2, blaKPC-3, or blaKPC-30, mostly on one of two isoforms of transposon Tn4401 (Tn4401a or Tn4401b).

2. Results

Genome characteristics and MLST types for the K. pneumoniae isolates harboring blaKPC-2, blaKPC-30, and blaKPC-3 are summarized in Table 1. All isolates belonged to the Clonal Complex 258 (CC258), except for Kp326 (ST16). Capsule polysaccharide synthesis (cps) locus analysis demonstrated that isolates belonged to five distinct K-loci groups, the most recurrent being KL36, as previously reported [22].
All isolates harbored the blaKPC-2 gene, except for Kp391, harboring blaKPC-30, and Kp392, harboring blaKPC-3. We selected three isolates harboring distinct blaKPC variants for a complete genomic characterization: Kp90 (blaKPC-2), Kp391 (blaKPC-30), and Kp392 (blaKPC-3). Major differences between the three genomes are depicted in Figure 1A. We then looked for the genomic loci of the KPC genes; in all strains, the genes were located on contigs that were parts of plasmids (Figure 1B). This is in agreement with previous observations, that is, the blaKPC gene is mostly carried by a multireplicon IncFIIk-IncFI plasmid [23,24]. In fact, in Kp392, the blaKPC-3 gene was located on a region that is 100% identical to a region of the plasmid pKpQIL (113,637 bp) found in K. pneumoniae ST258 strains [25] and to a region of plasmid pKPC (113,639 bp) found in a ST512 strain [26] (Figure 1B). Kp392 from this work is also a ST512 strain, and the plasmid in strain Kp392 is a multireplicon IncFIIk-IncFI plasmid (Figure 1B). Next, we looked into the blaKPC-30-harboring strain Kp391 that belongs to the well-known ST11 [27,28,29,30]. The blaKPC-30 gene was located on a 49 kb contig that showed high similarity with the 54 kb plasmid pKPC_FCF3SP that carries blaKPC-2 in strain FCF3SP (ST442) isolated from a blood culture of a patient in Brazil [31]. The entire plasmid in strain Kp391 could be reconstructed using pKPC_FCF3SP as template. The assembled plasmid is designated pKPC30_Kp391 (Figure 1C). All genes present in the lncN plasmid backbone were found in pKPC30_Kp391 (Figure 1D). The plasmids from strains FCF3SP and Kp391 share 99% nucleotide identity, with a total of 76 SNPs. The strain Kp90 carries a blaKPC-2-encoding plasmid that shares high similarity with pKPC30_Kp391, pKPC_FCF3SP, as well as pKPC_FCF1305. Figure 1E describes the genomic region of the three plasmids.
Fourteen additional K. pneumoniae isolates that were collected in the same tertiary hospital over a period of 8 years were sequenced and analyzed. We searched for the genomic region where the blaKPC genes were located in these 14 strains; in all strains, the genes were located on contigs that were parts of plasmids belonging to two distinct incompatibility groups: lncN or lncFII. Among the 17 sequenced isolates, 15 harbored the lncN backbone, showing high similarity with pKPC_FCF3SP (Figure 2A). On this plasmid, except for Kp391, harboring blaKPC-30, all isolates harbored blaKPC-2. Isolates Kp326 (blaKPC-2) and Kp392 (blaKPC-3) contained plasmids highly similar to the plasmid pKpQIL (lncFII) (Figure 2B). pQIL-like (IncFIB) plasmids have just recently been reported in Brazil, in clones belonging to ST16, such as Kp326, and associated with high mortality rates [32]. However, the sequence of the pQIL-like plasmid identified in Brazil is not publicly available, so we were not able to compare ours to it and, to our knowledge, the first sequence made publicly available.
Three isoforms of the Tn4401 transposon were found in the isolates described in this study. Two isoforms are well-known, Tn4401a and Tn4401b. These isoforms differ by a 100 bp deletion in the region upstream of blaKPC in Tn4401a (Figure 3A). The isoform Tn4401a was carried by pKpQIL-like plasmids (strains Kp326 and Kp392), while the isoform Tn4401b was carried by pKPC_FCF3SP-like plasmids, as previously reported [31]. It has been shown that isolates harboring Tn4401a present higher resistance to carbapenems due to alterations in the promoter region of blaKPC [33,34]. A third isoform of Tn4401 was detected in isolate Kp381. This variant lacks 253 bp downstream from the blaKPC gene, leading to a shorter tnpA/ISKpn6 region (1320 bp/439 aa to 963 bp/320 aa) (Figure 3B).
As a means to understand the impact of the different blaKPC genes in the susceptibility profile of K. pneumoniae, the susceptibility profiles of Kp391 (blaKPC-30), Kp392 (blaKPC-3), and Kp90 (blaKPC-2) are reported in Table 2. All three isolates showed resistance to cephalosporins, quinolones, colistin, and carbapenems, and were susceptible to the combination ceftazidime/avibactam. Kp392, harboring the pKpQIL-like plasmid with Tn4401a and blaKPC-3, displayed a MIC of 6 µg/mL for the combination ceftazidime/avibactam (breakpoint for resistance: ≥8 µg/mL); this is higher than for the other two isolates which were clearly susceptible (2 µg/mL) [35].

3. Discussion

KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae have been considered a pandemic in the history of Gram-negative bacteria [37]. According to gene sequences deposited in Genbank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/refgene/#kpc, accessed on 4 February 2021) at the time of this submission (date: 4 February 2021), a total of 66 blaKPC gene variants had been reported.
As a result of the antibiotic resistance surveillance study, SMART, two new KPC variants were detected in K. pneumoniae in Brazil: blaKPC-3 and blaKPC-30 [21]. This work was conducted to gain an understanding of the genetic context surrounding blaKPC genes in the tertiary hospital where the new variants were detected, using this information to discuss the scenario in Brazil.
KPC-3, still not endemic in Brazil, differs by one amino acid substitution (H272Y) from KPC-2 [38]. This single amino acid change has been reported to increase the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme by up to nine times when degrading ceftazidime [14], and, most recently, it has been described to increase the MIC for ceftazidime/avibactam [14,15,39]. This is particularly worrisome since, in Brazil, this combination has only recently been approved as a treatment option for multidrug-resistant bacteria (June 2018). Strains Kp90 (harboring blaKPC-2), Kp391 (harboring blaKPC-30), and Kp392 (harboring blaKPC-3) showed very similar susceptibility profiles for carbapenems and ceftazidime. However, Kp392 displayed a MIC of 6 µg/mL for ceftazidime/avibactam (breakpoint for resistance: ≥8 µg/mL) [35], compared to Kp90 and Kp391, which were clearly susceptible (2 µg/mL). We suggest that the increased resistance to ceftazidime/avibactam found for Kp392 (MIC of 6 mg/mL) is mostly associated with the presence of KPC-3, in agreement with previous studies [14,40]. Additionally, in Kp392, the pKpQIL-like plasmid harbored the blaKPC-3 gene in a Tn4401a transposon; this transposon has been associated with increased resistance to carbapenems due to modifications in the promoter region that increase the expression of the blaKPC-3 gene (a 100 bp deletion upstream of this gene) [33,34].
Plasmid pKpQIL belongs to the lncFII incompatibility group and has often been reported in association with antibiotic resistance and epidemic isolates. It was first reported in Israel in 2006, but a retrospective study revealed that it had been carried by a K. pneumoniae isolate from a patient in New York in 2004 [41,42,43,44]. This plasmid was the first blaKPC-bearing plasmid identified in epidemic ST258 strains, becoming well-known for the early dissemination of KPC-encoding genes [25,45,46]. Despite its worldwide spread, pKpQIL-like plasmids were only recently reported in Brazil in K. pneumoniae ST16 [25,32,41,43,44,47,48]. In this work, isolates harboring this plasmid were collected in 2016 and 2017 in strains belonging to ST16 and ST512, suggesting a recent, and possibly local, spread.
Plasmids belonging to IncN, such as pKPC_FCF3SP, and highly similar plasmids identified in this study (in strains isolated since 2011), have been reported in Brazil since 2005; the earliest report of an IncN plasmid carrying blaKPC-2 was in 1997 [19,31,49]. Even though pKPC_FCF3SP is associated with the blaKPC-2 gene, here we report an isolate carrying a pKPC_FCF3SP-like plasmid with blaKPC-30. The blaKPC-30 gene sequence has been previously reported in one strain from Brazil, but without any associated publication (strain 1472816, GenBank accession number KY646302.1). The blaKPC-30 variant shows a single-point mutation compared to blaKPC-2, leading to one amino acid change (R6H) in the region coding for the signal peptide. In this regard, a high degree of synteny between blaKPC-2 and blaKPC-30-carrying plasmids was noted and, as matter of fact, highly similar plasmids have often been identified in epidemic strains, such as those belonging to CC258 [45,50,51].
In conclusion, in this work we reported the genetic background for blaKPC found in carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates from Brazil. Plasmids highly similar to pKpQIL and pKPC_FCF3SP harbored blaKPC-2, blaKPC-3, blaKPC-30, in association with different isoforms of Tn4401, an active transposon encoding insertion sequences (ISKpn7 and ISKpn6) capable of efficiently mobilizing the blaKPC gene to random targets. The diversity and structural complexity of genetic elements carrying blaKPC genes suggest that they play major roles in actively promoting transposition of these genes to various genetic locations in the bacterial genome, but also suggest that they may increase the genetic plasticity of plasmids, leading to improved ability to coexist with bacterial hosts [45]. However, we also observed high synteny of plasmid backbones among isolates studied here and in comparison with previous reports from Brazil and the rest of the world. This highlights the importance of surveillance for early detection and implementation of control measures to prevent the rapid dissemination of blaKPC in the clinical environment.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Clinical Isolates

K. pneumoniae isolates harboring blaKPC genes were identified as K. pneumoniae by MALDI-TOF MS (Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, MA, USA) between 2011 and 2017. All patients had hospital-acquired infections, with a history of previous hospitalization and antimicrobial use (carbapenem, quinolone, cephalosporin, or piperacillin-tazobactam) during the 30 days prior to K. pneumoniae isolation.

4.2. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing

Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the Vitek 2 XL System (bioMérieux, Craponne, France). Additionally, susceptibility to ceftazidime/avibactam, imipenem, and meropenem was also carried out by the epsilometric (Etest®) method. Broth microdilution was performed for MIC testing of polymyxin B with Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 used as a reference for susceptibility. Antimicrobial susceptibility results were interpreted according to BrCAST/EUCAST guidelines [52].

4.3. Genome Sequencing

Genomic DNA isolation of K. pneumoniae isolates was performed as previously described [53]. Concentration and purity of the isolated DNA was first checked with a NanoDrop ND-1000 (Peqlab, Erlangen, Germany), and the exact concentration was determined using the Qubit® dsDNA HS Assay Kit, as recommended by the manufacturer (Life Technologies GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany). Illumina shotgun libraries were prepared using the Nextera XT DNA Sample Preparation Kit and subsequently sequenced on a MiSeq system using the reagent kit v3 with 600 cycles (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA), as recommended by the manufacturer. Quality filtering was done with version 0.36 of Trimmomatic [54]. Assembly was performed using the SPAdes genome assembler software version 3.13.0 [55], using an average of 2,009,581 paired-end reads (range: 1,716,540–2,544,588). Qualimap version 2.2.1 [56] was used to validate the genome assembly and determine the sequence coverage. The average coverage was 81-fold (range: 69–103). Comparative genome and plasmid analyses were done using RAST and visualized with BRIG [57]. Insertion sequences were identified by IS finder [58].

4.4. MLST and Capsule Synthesis Loci (K-loci) Analysis

WGS data were also used to determine the sequence types (STs) using the multi-locus sequencing typing (MLST) scheme available at (https://bigsdb.pasteur.fr/cgi-bin/bigsdb/bigsdb.pl?db=pubmlst_klebsiella_seqdef&page=sequenceQuery/; accessed on 2 April 2020) sited at the Institut Pasteur MLST. Capsule synthesis loci (K-loci or KL) analysis was carried out using the software Kaptive available at http://kaptive.holtlab.net/, accessed on 2 April 2020 [59].

4.5. NCBI Database Data Extraction for K. pneumoniae KPC-Harboring Plasmids

The KPC-2, -3, and -30 sequences (Accession Numbers NC_019161.1, NG_049257.1 and NG_054685.1) were used for a nucleotide-nucleotide BLAST search in the NCBI database (expected threshold 10 × 10−70), following the protocol described by Brandt et al. [19]. The resulting sequence hits (accessed on February 2021) were then filtered for sequences reported only in K. pneumoniae and for plasmid structures (with at least 1000 bp) carrying KPC-2, -3, and -30 nucleotide sequences.

Author Contributions

R.O.d.S., L.B.M., P.C.M.K. and A.P.: data collection; L.B.M., R.O.d.S., P.C.M.K., A.C.G., H.B. and P.S. data analysis and interpretation; A.M.D., A.R.T., F.G.M. and M.D.V.M.: epidemiological data analysis and critical review of the paper; H.B.: whole genome and plasmid assembling and annotation with contributions from L.B.M. and R.O.d.S.; L.B.M. and P.S.: wrote the manuscript with contributions from A.C.G. and H.B.; A.C.G. and P.S.: conceived the project; P.S.: supervised the project. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by Fundaçao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) grant 2018/19243-4. LBM is supported by a CAPES fellowship and ROS by Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein (SBIBAE).

Institutional Review Board Statement

This research project was approved by the Institutional Review Board (CAAE 98373618.0.0000.0071).

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All genome sequences were deposited in the GenBank with the following accession numbers: JACBOR000000000, JACBOQ000000000, JACBOP000000000, JAEVGO000000000, JAEVGN000000000, JAEVGM000000000, JAEVGL000000000, JAEVGK000000000, JAEVGJ000000000, JAEVGI000000000, JAEVGH000000000, JAEVGG000000000, JAEVGF000000000, JAEVGE000000000, JAEVGD000000000, JAEVGC000000000, JAEVGB000000000, JAEVGA000000000.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Clinical Laboratory team and the Infection Control Team (SCIH) of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein for their support and fruitful discussions.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could constitute a potential conflict of interest.

References

  1. Durante-Mangoni, E.; Andini, R.; Zampino, R. Management of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2019, 25, 943–950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Tooke, C.L.; Hinchliffe, P.; Bragginton, E.C.; Colenso, C.K.; Hirvonen, V.H.A.; Takebayashi, Y.; Spencer, J. beta-Lactamases and beta-Lactamase Inhibitors in the 21st Century. J. Mol. Biol. 2019, 431, 3472–3500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Ambler, R.P.; Coulson, A.F.; Frère, J.M.; Ghuysen, J.M.; Joris, B.; Forsman, M.; Levesque, R.C.; Tiraby, G.; Waley, S.G. A standard numbering scheme for the class A beta-lactamases. Biochem. J. 1991, 276 Pt 1, 269–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Queenan, A.M.; Bush, K. Carbapenemases: The Versatile β-Lactamases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2007, 20, 440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  5. Nordmann, P.; Poirel, L. The difficult-to-control spread of carbapenemase producers among Enterobacteriaceae worldwide. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2014, 20, 821–830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  6. Logan, L.K.; Weinstein, R.A. The Epidemiology of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: The Impact and Evolution of a Global Menace. J. Infect. Dis. 2017, 215, S28–S36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  7. Maya, J.J.; Ruiz, S.J.; Blanco, V.M.; Gotuzzo, E.; Guzman-Blanco, M.; Labarca, J.; Salles, M.; Quinn, J.P.; Villegas, M.V. Current status of carbapenemases in Latin America. Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther. 2013, 11, 657–667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Monteiro, J.; Santos, A.F.; Asensi, M.D.; Peirano, G.; Gales, A.C. First report of KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in Brazil. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009, 53, 333–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  9. Seki, L.M.; Pereira, P.S.; de Souza Mda, P.; Conceição Mde, S.; Marques, E.A.; Porto, C.O.; Colnago, E.M.; Alves Cde, F.; Gomes, D.; Assef, A.P.; et al. Molecular epidemiology of KPC-2- producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Brazil: The predominance of sequence type 437. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2011, 70, 274–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Sampaio, J.L.M.; Gales, A.C. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil: Focus on ²-lactams and polymyxins. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2016, 47, 31–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  11. Ribeiro, P.C.S.; Monteiro, A.S.; Marques, S.G.; Monteiro, S.G.; Monteiro-Neto, V.; Coqueiro, M.M.M.; Marques, A.C.G.; de Jesus Gomes Turri, R.; Santos, S.G.; Bomfim, M.R.Q. Phenotypic and molecular detection of the blaKPC gene in clinical isolates from inpatients at hospitals in São Luis, MA, Brazil. BMC Infect. Dis. 2016, 16, 737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  12. Woodford, N.; Tierno, P.M., Jr.; Young, K.; Tysall, L.; Palepou, M.-F.I.; Ward, E.; Painter, R.E.; Suber, D.F.; Shungu, D.; Silver, L.L.; et al. Outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing a new carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase, KPC-3, in a New York Medical Center. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2004, 48, 4793–4799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  13. Kitchel, B.; Rasheed, J.K.; Patel, J.B.; Srinivasan, A.; Navon-Venezia, S.; Carmeli, Y.; Brolund, A.; Giske, C.G. Molecular epidemiology of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in the United States: Clonal expansion of multilocus sequence type 258. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009, 53, 3365–3370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  14. Mehta, S.C.; Rice, K.; Palzkill, T. Natural Variants of the KPC-2 Carbapenemase have Evolved Increased Catalytic Efficiency for Ceftazidime Hydrolysis at the Cost of Enzyme Stability. PLoS Pathog. 2015, 11, e1004949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Manageiro, V.; Ferreira, E.; Almeida, J.; Barbosa, S.; Simões, C.; Bonomo, R.A.; Caniça, M. Predominance of KPC-3 in a survey for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Portugal. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2015, 59, 3588–3592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  16. Campos, A.C.; Albiero, J.; Ecker, A.B.; Kuroda, C.M.; Meirelles, L.E.; Polato, A.; Tognim, M.C.; Wingeter, M.A.; Teixeira, J.J. Outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K pneumoniae: A systematic review. Am. J. Infect. Control 2016, 44, 1374–1380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States. 2019. Available online: www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/2019-ar-threats-report-508.pdf (accessed on 20 November 2020).
  18. Tzouvelekis, L.S.; Markogiannakis, A.; Psichogiou, M.; Tassios, P.T.; Daikos, G.L. Carbapenemases in Klebsiella pneumoniae and other Enterobacteriaceae: An evolving crisis of global dimensions. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2012, 25, 682–707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  19. Brandt, C.; Viehweger, A.; Singh, A.; Pletz, M.W.; Wibberg, D.; Kalinowski, J.; Lerch, S.; Müller, B.; Makarewicz, O. Assessing genetic diversity and similarity of 435 KPC-carrying plasmids. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 11223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Villegas, M.V.; Blanco, M.G.; Sifuentes-Osornio, J.; Rossi, F. Increasing prevalence of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase among Gram-negative bacilli in Latin America–2008 update from the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART). Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 2011, 15, 34–39. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  21. Beirão, E.M.; Rodrigues, S.D.S.; Andrade, T.K.; Serra, F.B.; Paula, M.D.N.; Polis, T.J.B.; Gales, A.C. Activity of ceftolozane-tazobactam and comparators against gram-negative bacilli: Results from the study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends (SMART–Brazil; 2016–2017). Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Wyres, K.L.; Gorrie, C.; Edwards, D.J.; Wertheim, H.F.L.; Hsu, L.Y.; Van Kinh, N.; Zadoks, R.; Baker, S.; Holt, K.E. Extensive Capsule Locus Variation and Large-Scale Genomic Recombination within the Klebsiella pneumoniae Clonal Group 258. Genome Biol. Evol. 2015, 7, 1267–1279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  23. Qu, D.; Shen, Y.; Hu, L.; Jiang, X.; Yin, Z.; Gao, B.; Zhao, Y.; Yang, W.; Yang, H.; Han, J.; et al. Comparative analysis of KPC-2-encoding chimera plasmids with multi-replicon IncR:Inc(pA1763-KPC):IncN1 or IncFII(pHN7A8):Inc(pA1763-KPC):IncN1. Infect. Drug Resist. 2019, 12, 285–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  24. Rodrigues, C.; Bavlovič, J.; Machado, E.; Amorim, J.; Peixe, L.; Novais, Â. KPC-3-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Portugal Linked to Previously Circulating Non-CG258 Lineages and Uncommon Genetic Platforms (Tn4401d-IncFIA and Tn4401d-IncN). Front. Microbiol. 2016, 7, 1000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  25. Leavitt, A.; Chmelnitsky, I.; Carmeli, Y.; Navon-Venezia, S. Complete nucleotide sequence of KPC-3-encoding plasmid pKpQIL in the epidemic Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 258. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2010, 54, 4493–4496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  26. Jousset, A.B.; Bonnin, R.A.; Takissian, J.; Girlich, D.; Mihaila, L.; Cabanel, N.; Dortet, L.; Glaser, P.; Naas, T. Concomitant carriage of KPC-producing and non-KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST512 within a single patient. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2020, 75, 2087–2092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Yu, F.; Hu, L.; Zhong, Q.; Hang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Hu, X.; Ding, H.; Chen, Y.; Xu, X.; Fang, X.; et al. Dissemination of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 isolates with carbapenem resistance in integrated and emergency intensive care units in a Chinese tertiary hospital. J. Med. Microbiol. 2019, 68, 882–889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Chen, C.M.; Guo, M.K.; Ke, S.C.; Lin, Y.P.; Li, C.R.; Vy Nguyen, H.T.; Wu, L.T. Emergence and nosocomial spread of ST11 carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae co-producing OXA-48 and KPC-2 in a regional hospital in Taiwan. J. Med. Microbiol. 2018, 67, 957–964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Liu, J.; Yu, J.; Chen, F.; Yu, J.; Simner, P.; Tamma, P.; Liu, Y.; Shen, L. Emergence and establishment of KPC-2-producing ST11 Klebsiella pneumoniae in a general hospital in Shanghai, China. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2018, 37, 293–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  30. Zhao, Y.; Zhang, X.; Torres, V.V.L.; Liu, H.; Rocker, A.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, J.; Chen, L.; Bi, W.; Lin, J.; et al. An Outbreak of Carbapenem-Resistant and Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae in an Intensive Care Unit of a Major Teaching Hospital in Wenzhou, China. Front. Public Health 2019, 7, 229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Pérez-Chaparro, P.J.; Cerdeira, L.T.; Queiroz, M.G.; de Lima, C.P.S.; Levy, C.E.; Pavez, M.; Lincopan, N.; Gonçalves, E.C.; Mamizuka, E.M.; Sampaio, J.L.M.; et al. Complete nucleotide sequences of two blaKPC-2-bearing IncN Plasmids isolated from sequence type 442 Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical strains four years apart. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2014, 58, 2958–2960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  32. Andrey, D.O.; Pereira Dantas, P.; Martins, W.B.S.; Marques De Carvalho, F.; Almeida, L.G.P.; Sands, K.; Portal, E.; Sauser, J.; Cayô, R.; Nicolas, M.F.; et al. An Emerging Clone, Klebsiellapneumoniae Carbapenemase 2-Producing K. pneumoniae Sequence Type 16, Associated With High Mortality Rates in a CC258-Endemic Setting. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2020, 71, e141–e150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Huang, J.; Hu, X.; Zhao, Y.; Shi, Y.; Ding, H.; Wu, R.; Zhao, Z.; Ji, J. Comparative Analysis of bla (KPC) Expression in Tn4401 Transposons and the Tn3-Tn4401 Chimera. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2019, 63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  34. Gootz, T.D.; Lescoe, M.K.; Dib-Hajj, F.; Dougherty, B.A.; He, W.; Della-Latta, P.; Huard, R.C. Genetic organization of transposase regions surrounding blaKPC carbapenemase genes on plasmids from Klebsiella strains isolated in a New York City hospital. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009, 53, 1998–2004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  35. Nichols, W.W.; Stone, G.G.; Newell, P.; Broadhurst, H.; Wardman, A.; MacPherson, M.; Yates, K.; Riccobene, T.; Critchley, I.A.; Das, S. Ceftazidime-Avibactam Susceptibility Breakpoints against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2018, 62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  36. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters. 2020. Available online: https://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Breakpoint_tables/v_10.0_Breakpoint_Tables.pdf (accessed on 30 April 2020).
  37. Walsh, F. The multiple roles of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in nature. Front. Microbiol. 2013, 4, 255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  38. Alba, J.; Ishii, Y.; Thomson, K.; Moland, E.S.; Yamaguchi, K. Kinetics study of KPC-3, a plasmid-encoded class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2005, 49, 4760–4762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. Stillwell, T.; Green, M.; Barbadora, K.; Ferrelli, J.G.; Roberts, T.L.; Weissman, S.J.; Nowalk, A. Outbreak of KPC-3 Producing Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a US Pediatric Hospital. J. Pediatric Infect. Dis. Soc. 2015, 4, 330–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  40. Shields, R.K.; Clancy, C.J.; Hao, B.; Chen, L.; Press, E.G.; Iovine, N.M.; Kreiswirth, B.N.; Nguyen, M.H. Effects of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase subtypes, extended-spectrum β-lactamases, and porin mutations on the in vitro activity of ceftazidime-avibactam against carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2015, 59, 5793–5797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  41. Navon-Venezia, S.; Leavitt, A.; Schwaber, M.J.; Rasheed, J.K.; Srinivasan, A.; Patel, J.B.; Carmeli, Y.; Israeli, K.P.C.K.S.G. First report on a hyperepidemic clone of KPC-3-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Israel genetically related to a strain causing outbreaks in the United States. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009, 53, 818–820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  42. Leavitt, A.; Chmelnitsky, I.; Ofek, I.; Carmeli, Y.; Navon-Venezia, S. Plasmid pKpQIL encoding KPC-3 and TEM-1 confers carbapenem resistance in an extremely drug-resistant epidemic Klebsiella pneumoniae strain. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2010, 65, 243–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Doumith, M.; Findlay, J.; Hirani, H.; Hopkins, K.L.; Livermore, D.M.; Dodgson, A.; Woodford, N. Major role of pKpQIL-like plasmids in the early dissemination of KPC-type carbapenemases in the UK. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2017, 72, 2241–2248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  44. Chen, L.; Chavda, K.D.; Melano, R.G.; Jacobs, M.R.; Koll, B.; Hong, T.; Rojtman, A.D.; Levi, M.H.; Bonomo, R.A.; Kreiswirth, B.N. Comparative genomic analysis of KPC-encoding pKpQIL-like plasmids and their distribution in New Jersey and New York Hospitals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2014, 58, 2871–2877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  45. Yang, X.; Dong, N.; Chan, E.W.-C.; Zhang, R.; Chen, S. Carbapenem Resistance-Encoding and Virulence-Encoding Conjugative Plasmids in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Trends Microbiol. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Holt, K.E.; Wertheim, H.; Zadoks, R.N.; Baker, S.; Whitehouse, C.A.; Dance, D.; Jenney, A.; Connor, T.R.; Hsu, L.Y.; Severin, J.; et al. Genomic analysis of diversity, population structure, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae, an urgent threat to public health. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015, 112, E3574–E3581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  47. O’Hara, J.A.; Hu, F.; Ahn, C.; Nelson, J.; Rivera, J.I.; Pasculle, A.W.; Doi, Y. Molecular epidemiology of KPC-producing Escherichia coli: Occurrence of ST131-fimH30 subclone harboring pKpQIL-like IncFIIk plasmid. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2014, 58, 4234–4237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  48. Papagiannitsis, C.C.a. Characterization of KPC-encoding plasmids from two endemic settings, Greece and Italy. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2016, 71, 2824–2830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  49. Eilertson, B.; Chen, L.; Chavda, K.D.; Kreiswirth, B.N. Genomic Characterization of Two KPC-Producing Klebsiella Isolates Collected in 1997 in New York City. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2017, 61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  50. Andrade, L.N.; Curiao, T.; Ferreira, J.C.; Longo, J.M.; Clímaco, E.C.; Martinez, R.; Bellissimo-Rodrigues, F.; Basile-Filho, A.; Evaristo, M.A.; Del Peloso, P.F.; et al. Dissemination of blaKPC-2 by the spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae clonal complex 258 clones (ST258, ST11, ST437) and plasmids (IncFII, IncN, IncL/M) among Enterobacteriaceae species in Brazil. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2011, 55, 3579–3583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  51. Reyes, J.A.; Melano, R.; Cárdenas, P.A.; Trueba, G. Mobile genetic elements associated with carbapenemase genes in South American Enterobacterales. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 2020, 24, 231–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Brazilian Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (BrCAST). Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters—Tabelas de Pontos de Corte PARA Interpretação de CIMs e Diametros de Halos; Brazilian Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (BrCAST): São Paulo, Brazil, 2020. [Google Scholar]
  53. Salvà-Serra, F.; Svensson-Stadler, L.; Busquets, A.; Jaén-Luchoro, D.; Karlsson, R.; Moore, E.R.B.; Gomila, M. A protocol for extraction and purification of high-quality and quantity bacterial DNA applicable for genome sequencing: A modified version of the Marmur procedure. Protoc. Exch. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Bolger, A.M.; Lohse, M.; Usadel, B. Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 2014, 30, 2114–2120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  55. Bankevich, A.; Nurk, S.; Antipov, D.; Gurevich, A.A.; Dvorkin, M.; Kulikov, A.S.; Lesin, V.M.; Nikolenko, S.I.; Pham, S.; Prjibelski, A.D.; et al. SPAdes: A new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J. Comput. Biol. 2012, 19, 455–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  56. García-Alcalde, F.; Okonechnikov, K.; Carbonell, J.; Cruz, L.M.; Götz, S.; Tarazona, S.; Dopazo, J.; Meyer, T.F.; Conesa, A. Qualimap: Evaluating next-generation sequencing alignment data. Bioinformatics 2012, 28, 2678–2679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  57. Alikhan, N.-F.; Petty, N.K.; Ben Zakour, N.L.; Beatson, S.A. BLAST Ring Image Generator (BRIG): Simple prokaryote genome comparisons. BMC Genom. 2011, 12, 402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  58. Siguier, P.; Perochon, J.; Lestrade, L.; Mahillon, J.; Chandler, M. ISfinder: The reference centre for bacterial insertion sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006, 34, D32–D36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  59. Wick, R.R.; Heinz, E.; Holt, K.E.; Wyres, K.L. Kaptive Web: User-Friendly Capsule and Lipopolysaccharide Serotype Prediction for Klebsiella Genomes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2018, 56, e00197-00118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Pathogens 10 00332 g001 550
Figure 1. Genomic characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. (A) Genome comparison of three Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates using strain HS11286 as the reference genome. Genome sizes were similar to the reference genome K. pneumoniae strain HS11286 (5682 kb) and differences are mostly associated with acquired genomic regions. (B) The plasmid in strain Kp392 is highly similar to plasmids pKpQIL and pKPC_D1. The analysis compared the plasmid pKpQIL with the plasmid pKPC_D1 and the genomes of the three strains sequenced here. Only the genome of strain Kp392 contains contigs (including the 21 kb contig that carries blaKPC-3) that match almost entirely the plasmid pKpQIL. The strain Kp391 carries a different plasmid that shares some homology with pKpQIL. The blaKPC-3 gene is highlighted in pink. (C) The blaKPC-30 carrying plasmid pKPC30_Kp391 in strain Kp391 is highly similar to blaKPC-2 carrying plasmids pKPC_FCF3SP and pKPC_FCF1305. The analysis compared the assembled plasmid sequence in strain Kp391 with the plasmids pKPC_FCF3SP and pKPC_FCF1305 and the genomes of the other strains sequenced here (Kp90 and Kp392). pKPC30_Kp391 almost entirely matches the plasmids pKPC_FCF3SP and pKPC_FCF1305. The strain Kp90 also carries a blaKPC-2 encoding plasmid that shares high homology with pKPC30_Kp391, pKPC_FCF3SP and pKPC_FCF1305. The location of blaKPC-2 or blaKPC-30 is highlighted in pink. (D) General structure of pKPC30_Kp391 based on the IncN conserved backbone and the two acquired regions Tn4401b and IS903B. The conserved lncN region carries genes involved in replication and replication regulation (repA, ardB, ardR, ardK, ccgEIII, ccgD, ccgC, ccgAI), genes responsible for plasmid stability (stbA, stbB, stbC, fipA, eex, korA, korB, kikA), in DNA repair (mpr, mucA, mucB), inhibition of type I restriction enzymes (ardA), and conjugative transfer (tra gene region). Transposon Tn4401b comprises tnpR, tnpA, istA, istB, blaKPC, and tnpA. (E) Plasmid gene organization in the vicinity of blaKPC gene in pKPC_Kp90, pKPC_Kp391, pKPC_Kp392, and closely related plasmids. The colors indicate high homology of the genes. 1, blaKPC gene; 2 (tnpA) and 4 (tnpA) (transposase); 3 (istB) and 5 (istA) (mobile element); 6 (tnpR) site-specific recombinase; 7–14 (tra genes) components of a type IV conjugative transfer system; 15–17, hypothetical proteins.
Figure 1. Genomic characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. (A) Genome comparison of three Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates using strain HS11286 as the reference genome. Genome sizes were similar to the reference genome K. pneumoniae strain HS11286 (5682 kb) and differences are mostly associated with acquired genomic regions. (B) The plasmid in strain Kp392 is highly similar to plasmids pKpQIL and pKPC_D1. The analysis compared the plasmid pKpQIL with the plasmid pKPC_D1 and the genomes of the three strains sequenced here. Only the genome of strain Kp392 contains contigs (including the 21 kb contig that carries blaKPC-3) that match almost entirely the plasmid pKpQIL. The strain Kp391 carries a different plasmid that shares some homology with pKpQIL. The blaKPC-3 gene is highlighted in pink. (C) The blaKPC-30 carrying plasmid pKPC30_Kp391 in strain Kp391 is highly similar to blaKPC-2 carrying plasmids pKPC_FCF3SP and pKPC_FCF1305. The analysis compared the assembled plasmid sequence in strain Kp391 with the plasmids pKPC_FCF3SP and pKPC_FCF1305 and the genomes of the other strains sequenced here (Kp90 and Kp392). pKPC30_Kp391 almost entirely matches the plasmids pKPC_FCF3SP and pKPC_FCF1305. The strain Kp90 also carries a blaKPC-2 encoding plasmid that shares high homology with pKPC30_Kp391, pKPC_FCF3SP and pKPC_FCF1305. The location of blaKPC-2 or blaKPC-30 is highlighted in pink. (D) General structure of pKPC30_Kp391 based on the IncN conserved backbone and the two acquired regions Tn4401b and IS903B. The conserved lncN region carries genes involved in replication and replication regulation (repA, ardB, ardR, ardK, ccgEIII, ccgD, ccgC, ccgAI), genes responsible for plasmid stability (stbA, stbB, stbC, fipA, eex, korA, korB, kikA), in DNA repair (mpr, mucA, mucB), inhibition of type I restriction enzymes (ardA), and conjugative transfer (tra gene region). Transposon Tn4401b comprises tnpR, tnpA, istA, istB, blaKPC, and tnpA. (E) Plasmid gene organization in the vicinity of blaKPC gene in pKPC_Kp90, pKPC_Kp391, pKPC_Kp392, and closely related plasmids. The colors indicate high homology of the genes. 1, blaKPC gene; 2 (tnpA) and 4 (tnpA) (transposase); 3 (istB) and 5 (istA) (mobile element); 6 (tnpR) site-specific recombinase; 7–14 (tra genes) components of a type IV conjugative transfer system; 15–17, hypothetical proteins.
Pathogens 10 00332 g001
Pathogens 10 00332 g002 550
Figure 2. Presence of plasmids in 17 sequenced Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. (A) Comparison using pKPC_FCF3SP as the reference plasmid identified 15 strains that contained highly identical plasmids. (B) A comparison using pKpQIL as the reference plasmid identified two strains (Kp326 and Kp392) with highly similar plasmids.
Figure 2. Presence of plasmids in 17 sequenced Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. (A) Comparison using pKPC_FCF3SP as the reference plasmid identified 15 strains that contained highly identical plasmids. (B) A comparison using pKpQIL as the reference plasmid identified two strains (Kp326 and Kp392) with highly similar plasmids.
Pathogens 10 00332 g002
Pathogens 10 00332 g003 550
Figure 3. Comparison of the three Tn4401 isoforms found in K. pneumoniae isolates in this work. (A) Tn4401a_Kp392 shows a deletion of 100 bp in the region upstream of the blaKPC gene when compared with Tn4401b_Kp391 and Tn4401_Kp381. (B) Downstream from the blaKPC, gene Tn4401_Kp381 shows a deletion of 253 bp when compared with Tn4401a_Kp392 and Tn4401b_Kp391.
Figure 3. Comparison of the three Tn4401 isoforms found in K. pneumoniae isolates in this work. (A) Tn4401a_Kp392 shows a deletion of 100 bp in the region upstream of the blaKPC gene when compared with Tn4401b_Kp391 and Tn4401_Kp381. (B) Downstream from the blaKPC, gene Tn4401_Kp381 shows a deletion of 253 bp when compared with Tn4401a_Kp392 and Tn4401b_Kp391.
Pathogens 10 00332 g003
Table
Table 1. Features of sequenced genomes of K. pneumoniae.
Table 1. Features of sequenced genomes of K. pneumoniae.
IsolateYear of IsolationOrigin of Specimenbla-KPC VariantMlst Type (ST)Clonal Group (CG)CPS Locus (KL)Genome Size (kb)G+C (%)Coverage (Fold)Contigs (n 1)CDS (n)Genbank Accession
Kp902015Bloodbla-KPC-2ST43725836542957.477765496JACBOR000000000
Kp3912016Abdominal abscessbla-KPC-30ST1125864587156.977675956JACBOQ000000000
Kp3922017Urinebla-KPC-3ST512258107568157.1103815787JACBOP000000000
Kp1212014Bloodbla-KPC-2ST43725836555457.384555601JAEVGO000000000
Kp1772013Bloodbla-KPC-2ST43725836558857.383795679JAEVGN000000000
Kp2252011Bloodbla-KPC-2ST43725836577757.164815847JAEVGM000000000
Kp3262016Bloodbla-KPC-2ST16-51556857.291735648JAEVGL000000000
Kp3292015Bronchoalveolar lavagebla-KPC-2ST1125864588757.1661276049JAEVGK000000000
Kp3842014Bloodbla-KPC-2ST43725836556957.366795672JAEVGJ000000000
Kp3872013Ascitic fluidbla-KPC-2ST1125827585257.0511055967JAEVGI000000000
Kp3892013Bronchoalveolar lavagebla-KPC-2ST43725836547357.388755524JAEVGH000000000
Kp3732013Rectal surveillance swabsbla-KPC-2ST1125864590057.081686021JAEVGG000000000
Kp3742013Rectal surveillance swabsbla-KPC-2ST43725836560457.384785702JAEVGF000000000
Kp3762015Rectal surveillance swabsbla-KPC-2ST1125827616256.6821356385JAEVGE000000000
Kp3772015Rectal surveillance swabsbla-KPC-2ST1125864580856.8911155953JAEVGD000000000
Kp3782016Rectal surveillance swabsbla-KPC-2ST1125864587256.987625965JAEVGC000000000
Kp3812017Rectal surveillance swabsbla-KPC-2ST43725836609556.5781286344JAEVGB000000000
Kp3822017Rectal surveillance swabsbla-KPC-2ST1125864587756.994976023JAEVGA000000000
1 N: number.
Table
Table 2. Antibiotic susceptibility of three K. pneumoniae isolates with different blaKPC genes.
Table 2. Antibiotic susceptibility of three K. pneumoniae isolates with different blaKPC genes.
Kp90Kp391Kp392
AntimicrobialMIC µg/mLProfileMIC µg/mLProfileMIC µg/mLProfile
Ampicillin/Sulbactam≥32R≥32R≥32R
Piperacilin/Tazobactam≥128R≥128R≥128R
Cefuroxime≥64R≥64R≥64R
Cefoxitin≥64R≥64R≥64R
Ceftazidime16R≥64R≥64R
Ceftriaxone≥64R≥64R≥64R
Cefepime≥64R≥64R≥64R
Ertapenem≥8R≥8R≥8R
Imipenem≥16R≥16R≥16R
Meropenem≥16R≥16R≥16R
Amikacin≤2S≤2S≥64R
Gentamicin≤1S≤1S8R
Ciprofloxacin≥4R≥4R≥4R
Tigecycline≥8-≤0.5-2-
Imipenem >32R>32R32R
Meropenem >32R>32R>32R
Ceftazidime/avibactam2S2S6S
Colistin≥16R≥16R≥16R
MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration. Breakpoints for Tigecycline are not available for K. pneumoniae [36].
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Migliorini, L.B.; de Sales, R.O.; Koga, P.C.M.; Doi, A.M.; Poehlein, A.; Toniolo, A.R.; Menezes, F.G.; Martino, M.D.V.; Gales, A.C.; Brüggemann, H.; et al. Prevalence of blaKPC-2, blaKPC-3 and blaKPC-30—Carrying Plasmids in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated in a Brazilian Hospital. Pathogens 2021, 10, 332. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030332

AMA Style

Migliorini LB, de Sales RO, Koga PCM, Doi AM, Poehlein A, Toniolo AR, Menezes FG, Martino MDV, Gales AC, Brüggemann H, et al. Prevalence of blaKPC-2, blaKPC-3 and blaKPC-30—Carrying Plasmids in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated in a Brazilian Hospital. Pathogens. 2021; 10(3):332. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030332

Chicago/Turabian Style

Migliorini, Letícia B., Romário O. de Sales, Paula C. M. Koga, Andre M. Doi, Anja Poehlein, Alexandra R. Toniolo, Fernando G. Menezes, Marines D. V. Martino, Ana C. Gales, Holger Brüggemann, and et al. 2021. "Prevalence of blaKPC-2, blaKPC-3 and blaKPC-30—Carrying Plasmids in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated in a Brazilian Hospital" Pathogens 10, no. 3: 332. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030332

APA Style

Migliorini, L. B., de Sales, R. O., Koga, P. C. M., Doi, A. M., Poehlein, A., Toniolo, A. R., Menezes, F. G., Martino, M. D. V., Gales, A. C., Brüggemann, H., & Severino, P. (2021). Prevalence of blaKPC-2, blaKPC-3 and blaKPC-30—Carrying Plasmids in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated in a Brazilian Hospital. Pathogens, 10(3), 332. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030332

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop